INFORMATION MENU
Full-Text PDF

Engineering and Applied Science Letter

Vol. 4 (2021), Issue 1, pp. 69 – 76
ISSN: 2617-9709 (Online) 2617-9695 (Print)
DOI: 10.30538/psrp-easl2021.0063

Atomic localization via superposition of three standing wave fields in a four level tripod atomic configuration

Anwar Hussain, Muhammad Izhar, Mian Azhar Uddin, Muhammad Wahab, Anwar Ali Khan, Masood Rauf Khan\(^1\)
Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.; (A.H)
Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan.; (M.I & M.A.U & M.W & A.A.K)
Department of Physics, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.; (M.R.K)

\(^{1}\)Corresponding Author: mkhan@unisa.it
Copyright © 2021 Anwar Hussain, Muhammad Izhar, Mian Azhar Uddin, Muhammad Wahab, Anwar Ali Khan, Masood Rauf Khan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: January 22, 2021 – Accepted: March 17, 2021 – Published: March 22, 2021

Abstract

We theoretically present the physical realization of one dimensional (1D) atom localization by superposition of three standing wave fields in a four-level tripod atomic configuration. The most interesting result that we observe is the variation of the bandwidth of the localization peaks with the intensity of the space independent Rabi frequency. A sharp single and double localized peaks are observed at different direction of the wave numbers. The bandwidth of a localized peak is reduced as the intensity of the space independent Rabi frequency goes on increasing, which corresponds to the reduction in the uncertainty. These results will hopefully contribute to the development of current high tech-applications.

Keywords:

Rabi frequency; Wave field; Wave number; Atom localization.

1. Introduction

The concept of atom localization comes from the birth of quantum mechanics. In 1927, Heisenberg [1] uses the uncertainty principal and suggests that an atom can be localized. Interest in the precise and accurate position measurement of atom is because of its rich potential application [2,3,4]. Atomic localization has a wide range of application, mostly in Bose-Einstein condensation [5], laser cooling and trapping [6], atom nano-lithography [7] and center of mass wave function [8].

The main phenomenon in the field of Quantum Optics and Laser Physics is the quantum interference and atomic coherence, by which giant Kerr nonlinearity [9], spontaneous emission enhancement [10], Optical bistability (OB) [11], electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [12,13] and many more aspects are obtained. For the localization of an atom in one dimension (1D) based on the atomic coherence and quantum interference, much efforts has been done. For example, Zubairy and his colleagues estimated numerous localization systems for a two-level system by resonant fluorescence [14,15]. Agarwal and kapale [16] obtained the atom localization in 1D by using the coherent population trapping (CPT) for three-level atomic scheme in a lambda-type. According to Agarwal scheme, the population measurement could localize the atom. This population had the same fringe pattern in one of the ground state as presented by Febry Perot interferometer. Storey et al., [17] and Marte and Zoller [18] introduced atomic localization passing through the standing wave regime. By using quantum interference, Kien et al., [19] showed the polarized atom localization in 1D. Paspalakis and Knight [20] used quantum interference for atom localization. Qamar et al., [21] used resonance fluorescence for atom localization. For 1D atomic localization through the internal state of atom and the field dual measurement [22], the driving field of amplitude control and phase [23], an atom can be localized. Nha et al., [24] explained the 1D atom localization inside the Ramsey interferometer arrangement by the interaction of quantized atom in nature with a standing-wave field. Sahrai et al., [25] proposed that the position measurement of an atom depends on absorption of a weak probe filed, due to which the probability of an atom localization is 50%. For more precise localization of an atom, Liu et al., [26] used the interference of double dark resonance which showed that the probability of finding atom is 50%. While Wang and jiang [27] detected 100% probability of atom localization by using coherent methodology. Recently, Proite et al., [28], by using the method of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), conducted an experiment in which the atomic level population was localized. They gained the result that population of accurate hyperfine level might be strongly localized than that of spatial period.

In this paper, a theoretical approach has been presented for the physical realization of the atom localization by superposition of three standing wave fields in a proposed four levels atomic configuration. The most interesting result that we encounter with, is the variation of the bandwidth of the localized peak with time independent Rabi frequency. It seems clear from our theoretical results that without disturbing the probability amplitude the bandwidths of the localized peaks are reduced as the intensity of the space independent Rabi frequency is increased and thus the reduction in the uncertainty can be achieved very easily. Though our approach is a theoretical one, but still our findings are very interesting and can actively support the day to day progress in the field of research and modern technology.

We also investigated that in the localization peaks, the space independent Rabi frequency condenses the uncertainty principal without disturbing the amplitude probability. In addition with the space independent wave fields, the width of the half maximum decreases. Along with this, it is investigated that the Doppler broadened effect and collision decay rate, which disturb the localization amplitude probability and the localization peaks, tends to doublet. When amplitude probability of the localized peaks changes, the collision decay rate is to be zero.

2. Model and equations

The energy-level diagram of the atom field interaction that we are taking under consideration has been presented in Figure 1. The system is an experimental one, having three ground states and one excited state. The upper state \( \left\vert 4\right\rangle \) is coupled with lower state \( \left\vert 1\right\rangle \) by two coherent fields of Rabi frequencies \(\Omega_{1}\) and \(\Omega_{2}\), respectively. Whereas, the upper state \( \left\vert 4\right\rangle \) is coupled with lower state \( \left\vert 3\right\rangle \) by another coherent field of Rabi frequency \(\Omega_{3}\) and the probe field of Rabi frequency \(\Omega_{p}\) is applied between the upper state \( \left\vert 4\right\rangle\) and lower state \( \left\vert 2\right\rangle\). The \(\Delta_p\) is the detuning of weak probe field \(\Omega_p\), while the \(\Delta_{1,2,3}\) are the detuning of \(\Omega_{1,2,3}\) by taking \(\Delta_{1,2,3}\) zero i.e., \(\Delta_{1,2,3} = 0\). The equation of motion is carried with Hamiltonian which is the sum of self Hamiltonian and interaction Hamiltonian \(H=H_0+H_\imath\). The self Hamiltonian \(H_0\) can be written as:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{e1} H_0=\hbar \omega_1\left|1\right\rangle\left\langle 1\right|+\hbar \omega_2\left|2\right\rangle\left\langle 2\right|+\hbar \omega_3\left|3\right\rangle\left\langle 3\right|+\hbar\omega_4\left|4\right\rangle\left\langle 4\right|. \end{eqnarray}
(1)

Figure 1. Scheme for four level atomic localization

While the interaction Hamiltonian \(H_i\) is written as;

\begin{eqnarray} \label{e2} H_i&=&-\frac{\hbar}{2}\left[\left(\Omega_1\ e^{-i\Delta_1t}\right)\left|1\right\rangle\left\langle 4\right|\right] \nonumber -\frac{\hbar}{2}\left[\left(\Omega_2\ e^{-i\Delta_2t}\right)\left|1\right\rangle\left\langle 4\right|\right] \nonumber-\frac{\hbar}{2}\left[\left(\Omega_3\ e^{-i\Delta_3t}\right)\left|3\right\rangle\left\langle 4\right|\right] \nonumber\\&&-\frac{\hbar}{2}\left[\left(\Omega_p\ e^{-i\Delta_pt}\right)\left|2\right\rangle\left\langle 4\right|\right] + c.c. \end{eqnarray}
(2)
For dynamic of a system the master equation is written as:
\begin{equation} \label{e3} \dot{\rho}=-\frac{i}{\hbar}\left[ \rho_t,H_t\right]-\frac{1}{2}\gamma_{i}{j}\Sigma\left(\sigma^\dagger\sigma\rho+\rho\sigma^\dagger\sigma-2\sigma\rho\sigma^\dagger\right). \end{equation}
(3)
To solve Equation (3) the following set of equations are obtained;
\begin{align} \label{e4} \dot{\tilde{\rho}}_{24}&=\left(i\triangle_p-\frac{1}{2}\gamma_2\right)\tilde{\rho} _{24}+\frac{i}{2}\left(\Omega_1+\Omega_2\right)\tilde{\rho}_{21}+\frac {i}{2}\Omega_3\tilde{\rho}_{23}+\frac{i}{2}\Omega_p,\\ \end{align}
(4)
\begin{align} \label{e5} \dot{\tilde{\rho}}_{21}&=\left(i\triangle_p-\frac{1}{2}\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2\right)\right)\tilde{\rho} _{21} + \frac{i}{2}\left(\Omega_1 + \Omega_2\right)\tilde{\rho}_{24},\\ \end{align}
(5)
\begin{align} \label{e6} \dot{\tilde{\rho}}_{23}&=\left(i\triangle_p-\frac{1}{2}\left(\gamma_2+\gamma_3\right)\right)\tilde{\rho} _{23}+\frac{i}{2}\Omega_3\tilde{\rho}_{24}. \end{align}
(6)
Taken the above coupling equations in first order of perturbations. Initially the atoms are considered in the ground state \(\left|2\right\rangle\), i.e., the probability of the atoms in this state is 1. So \(\rho^{(0)}_{22}=1\) and \(\rho^{(0)}_{44}\)=\(\rho^{(0)}_{41}\)=\(\rho^{(0)}_{43}\)=0. For first order perturbation, the equation \(\rho=-M^{-1}. A\) is used for the solution of \(\rho_{24}\), where \(M\) is a \((3\times3)\) matrix and \(A\) is a constant.
\begin{eqnarray} \label{e7} \rho_{24}=\left[\frac{i\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2-2i\Delta_p\right)\left(\gamma_2+\gamma_3-2i\Delta_p\right)\Omega_p}{\left(\gamma_2+\gamma_3-2i\Delta_p\right) T+\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2-2i\Delta_p\right)\Omega_3^2} \right], \end{eqnarray}
(7)
where \(T=\left(\gamma_2-2i\Delta_p\right)\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2-2i\Delta_p\right)+\left(\Omega_1+\Omega_2\right)^2. \)

3. Space dependent susceptibility

A susceptibility is complex response function, which is used to characterize the medium. The real and imaginary part of complex susceptibility is associated with absorption and dispersion spectrum of the probe field and hence related to position information of atom. The susceptibility is given as;
\begin{eqnarray} \label{e9} \chi&=&\frac{2N\sigma^{2}\rho_{24}}{\epsilon_0\hbar\Omega_p}\notag\\ &=&\frac{2N\sigma^{2}}{\epsilon_0\hbar}\left[\frac{i\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2-2i\Delta_p\right)\left(\gamma_2+\gamma_3-2i\Delta_p\right)}{\left(\gamma_2+\gamma_3-2i\Delta_p\right) T+\left(\gamma_1+\gamma_2-2i\Delta_p\right)\Omega_3^2} \right], \end{eqnarray}
(8)
where \(N\) is the density of the medium.

4. Results and Discussion

The atom field interaction through experimental and theoretical research led us to the new kinds of observations in physical phenomena. For the development of present technologies, a single atom in a trap, quantum lithography, localization of atom in the sub half wave length domain and quantum computing play important role. In Equation (8), we indicated the main result for precise and accurate position of the atom. The rate of decay \(\gamma\) is taken to be \(1GHz\). In atomic system, the universal physical constants are \(\hbar, \epsilon_0=1\). The real and imaginary parts of susceptibility are anticipated for the atom position at the range of \(-\pi< kx< \pi\). The position distribution functions \(Re(\chi)\) and \(Im(\chi)\) are related to the localization information of an atom. When the nodes and antinodes coincide, they form the stationary wave which appear on the real and imaginary distributed function of the probe field. The superposition of standing wave field expresses remarkable results for the development of localization peak in the space period of \(-\pi< kx< \pi\) with one wavelength domain, where \(\Omega\) shows the magnitude of space independent Rabi frequency i.e., \(|\Omega_1|=|\Omega_2|=|\Omega_3|=\Omega\).

Figure 2. Localization of atom vs kx at the parameters \(\gamma=1GHz\),\; \(|\Omega_{1,2,3}|=R=50\gamma[a,d], 100\gamma[b,e], 1000\gamma[c,f]\),\; \(\gamma_{1,2}=1\gamma\),\; \(\gamma_3=0\gamma\),\; \(\eta_{1,3}=0.5\),\; \(\eta_2=-0.5\),\; \(\varphi=3\pi/2\)

Figure 3. Localization of atom vs kx at the parameters \(\gamma=1GHz\),\; \(|\Omega_{1,2,3}|=R=50\gamma[a,d], 100\gamma[b,e], 1000\gamma[c,f]\),\; \(\gamma_{1,2}=1\gamma\),\; \(\gamma_3=0\gamma\),\; \(\eta_{1,3}=0.5\),\; \(\eta_2=-0.5\),\; \(\varphi=\pi/2\)

In this theoretical model, single localization peak is observed within position range of \(0< kx< \pm\pi\) or \(\lambda/2\) domain, where the phase are set to \(\pi/2, 3\pi/2\) with \(\eta_{1,3}=0.5\) and \(\eta_{2}=-0.5\). The probe detuning is taken \(\Delta_p=0\). Furthermore, when the strength of \(\Omega=|\Omega_{1,2,3}|\) increases the peak width becomes narrow and the uncertainty decreases. At a very high intensity, the peak bandwidth approaches to zero and minimum uncertainty is observed in the localized peaks as shown in Figures 2 and 3. When the phase is \(\pi/2\) then the single localized peak appears within the sub half wavelength domain \(-\pi< kx< 0\). If the phase is changed to \(3\pi/2\) then the single localized peak appears within sub half wavelength domain \(0< kx< \pi\) also with the change in phase from \(\pi/2\) to \(3\pi/2\) the position of single peak is shifted from left to right as shown in Figures 2 and 3. These results are applicable for the development of atomic nanolithography, trapping of neutral atoms, laser cooling, Bose-Einstein condensation and measurement of center of mass wave function.

Figure 4. Localization of atom vs kx at the parameters \(\gamma=1GHz\),\; \(|\Omega_{1,2,3}|=R=50\gamma[a,d], 100\gamma[b,e], 1000\gamma[c,f]\),\; \(\gamma_{1,2}=1\gamma\),\; \(\gamma_3=0\gamma\),\; \(\eta_{1,3}=1\),\; \(\eta_2=-1\),\; \(\varphi=3\pi/2\)

Figure 5. Localization of atom vs kx at the parameters \(\gamma=1GHz\),\; \(|\Omega_{1,2,3}|=R=50\gamma[a,d], 100\gamma[b,e], 1000\gamma[c,f]\),\; \(\gamma_{1,2}=1\gamma\),\; \(\gamma_3=0\gamma\),\; \(\eta_{1,3}=1\),\; \(\eta_2=-1\),\; \(\varphi=\pi/2\)

In Figures 4 and 5 the plots are traced for localization peaks of atom. It is observed that two localization peaks appear when the direction of wave numbers \(\eta_{1,2}=1\). In this case, one localization appear within the position range \(0< kx< \pi\) on the probe distributed function and other localized peak is within the position range \(-\pi< kx< 0\). The phase varies from \(\pi/2\) to \(3\pi/2\) as discussed in Figures 2 and 3 using both real and imaginary distribution function. It seems that one localized peak is near to the origin position (\(kx=0\)) and the other peak is away from the origin. The position of the localized peaks are shifted with the variation of phase \(\varphi\). The width of the localization peaks decreases with the strength of the space independent Rabi frequency \(\Omega\). Figure 6 shows the localized patron at the phase \(\varphi=\pi\) within position \(-\pi< kx< \pi\), where the detuning is \(\Delta_p=0\gamma\). In this case, a single peak appears at the position \(kx=0\) with \(40\%\) probability in the imaginary part of susceptibility.

Figure 6. Localization of atom vs kx at the parameters \(\gamma=1GHz\),\; \(|\Omega_{1,2,3}|=R=50\gamma[a,d], 100\gamma[b,e], 1000\gamma[c,f]\),\; \(\gamma_{1,2}=1\gamma\),\; \(\gamma_3=0\gamma\),\; \(\eta_{1,3}=0.5\),\; \(\eta_2=-0.5\),\; \(\varphi=\pi\)

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we have discussed the localization of atom in a superposition of three standing wave fields. We used a tripod type atomic system driving by three standing wave fields and a probe field. A single localization peak is observed at a specific direction of the wave number and parameters within the sub half wavelength domain using both the probe absorption and Dispersion spectrums. Similarly, two localization peaks are observed within the one wavelength domain at other spectroscopic parameters and direction of the wave numbers. The bandwidth of localization peaks are decreased with the strength of space independent Rabi frequency. A sharp localized peak is obtained at very high intensity of space independent Rabi frequency with negligible uncertainty. These theoretical results are applicable for the development of atomic nanolithography, trapping of neutral atoms, laser cooling, Bose-Einstein condensation and measurement of center of mass wave function and appealing to the researchers to demonstrate experimentally and to improve the applied aspect of current technologies.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Heisenberg, W. (1927). Fluctuations and quantum mechanics. Journal of Physics, 40(7), 501-506. [Google Scholor]
  2. Phillips, W. D. (1998). Nobel Lecture: Laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Reviews of Modern Physics, 70(3), 721-741. [Google Scholor]
  3. Rudy, P., Ejnisman, R., & Bigelow, N. P. (1997). Fluorescence investigation of parametrically excited motional wave packets in optical lattices. Physical Review Letters, 78(26), 4906. [Google Scholor]
  4. Rempe, G. (1995). One atom in an optical cavity: Spatial resolution beyond the standard diffraction limit. Applied Physics B, 60(2), 233-237. [Google Scholor]
  5. Wu, Y., & Côté, R. (2002). Bistability and quantum fluctuations in coherent photoassociation of a Bose-Einstein condensate. Physical Review A, 65(5), 053603. [Google Scholor]
  6. Metcalf, H., & van der Straten, P. (1994). Cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Physics Reports, 244(4-5), 203-286. [Google Scholor]
  7. Boto, A. N., Kok, P., Abrams, D. S., Braunstein, S. L., Williams, C. P., & Dowling, J. P. (2000). Quantum interferometric optical lithography: exploiting entanglement to beat the diffraction limit. Physical Review Letters, 85(13), 2733. [Google Scholor]
  8. Evers, J., Qamar, S., & Zubairy, M. S. (2007). Atom localization and center-of-mass wave-function determination via multiple simultaneous quadrature measurements. Physical Review A, 75(5), 053809. [Google Scholor]
  9. Wang, H., Goorskey, D., & Xiao, M. (2001). Enhanced Kerr nonlinearity via atomic coherence in a three-level atomic system. Physical Review Letters, 87(7), 073601. [Google Scholor]
  10. Lee, H., Polynkin, P., Scully, M. O., & Zhu, S. Y. (1997). Quenching of spontaneous emission via quantum interference. Physical Review A, 55(6), 4454. [Google Scholor]
  11. Harshawardhan, W., & Agarwal, G. S. (1996). Controlling optical bistability using electromagnetic-field-induced transparency and quantum interferences. Physical Review A, 53(3), 1812. [Google Scholor]
  12. Xiao, M., Li, Y. Q., Jin, S. Z., & Gea-Banacloche, J. (1995). Measurement of dispersive properties of electromagnetically induced transparency in rubidium atoms. Physical Review Letters, 74(5), 666. [Google Scholor]
  13. Wu, Y., & Yang, X. (2005). Electromagnetically induced transparency in \(V-,\bigwedge-\), and cascade-type schemes beyond steady-state analysis. Physical Review A, 71(5), 053806. [Google Scholor]
  14. Qamar, S., Zhu, S. Y., & Zubairy, M. S. (2000). Atom localization via resonance fluorescence. Physical Review A, 61(6), 063806. [Google Scholor]
  15. Herkommer, A. M., Schleich, W. P., & Zubairy, M. S. (1997). Autler-Townes microscopy on a single atom. Journal of Modern Optics, 44(11-12), 2507-2513. [Google Scholor]
  16. Agarwal, G. S., & Kapale, K. T. (2006). Subwavelength atom localization via coherent population trapping. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 39(17), 3437. [Google Scholor]
  17. Storey, P., Collett, M., & Walls, D. (1992). Measurement-induced diffraction and interference of atoms. Physical Review Letters, 68(4), 472. [Google Scholor]
  18. Marte, M. A. M., & Zoller, P. (1992). Quantum nondemolition measurement of transverse atomic position in Kapitza-Dirac atomic beam scattering. Applied Physics B, 54(5), 477-485. [Google Scholor]
  19. Le Kien, F., Rempe, G., Schleich, W. P., & Zubairy, M. S. (1997). Atom localization via Ramsey interferometry: a coherent cavity field provides a better resolution. Physical Review A, 56(4), 2972. [Google Scholor]
  20. Paspalakis, E., & Knight, P. L. (2001). Localizing an atom via quantum interference. Physical Review A, 63(6), 065802. [Google Scholor]
  21. Qamar, S., Zhu, S. Y., & Zubairy, M. S. (2000). Atom localization via resonance fluorescence. Physical Review A, 61(6), 063806. [Google Scholor]
  22. Nha, H., Lee, J. H., Chang, J. S., & An, K. (2002). Atomic-position localization via dual measurement. Physical Review A, 65(3), 033827. [Google Scholor]
  23. Kapale, K. T., & Zubairy, M. S. (2006). Subwavelength atom localization via amplitude and phase control of the absorption spectrum. II. Physical Review A, 73(2), 023813. [Google Scholor]
  24. Nha, H., Lee, J. H., Chang, J. S., & An, K. (2002). Atomic-position localization via dual measurement. Physical Review A, 65(3), 033827. [Google Scholor]
  25. Sahrai, M., Mahmoudi, M., & Kheradmand, R. (2007). Atom localization of a two-level pump-probe system via the absorption spectrum. Laser Physics, 17(1), 40-44. [Google Scholor]
  26. Liu, C., Gong, S., Cheng, D., Fan, X., & Xu, Z. (2006). Atom localization via interference of dark resonances. Physical Review A, 73(2), 025801. [Google Scholor]
  27. Wang, Z., & Jiang, J. (2010). Sub-half-wavelength atom localization via probe absorption spectrum in a four-level atomic system. Physics Letters A, 374(48), 4853-4858. [Google Scholor]
  28. Proite, N. A., Simmons, Z. J., & Yavuz, D. D. (2011). Observation of atomic localization using electromagnetically induced transparency. Physical Review A, 83(4), 041803. [Google Scholor]
Category: EASL - Vol 4 - Issue 1 (2021)