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Engineering and Applied Science Letters (EASL)

ISSN: 2617-9709 (Online) 2617-9695 (Print)
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  • Research article

HBA analysis of generalized viscoelastic fluids

Author(s): Emran Khoshrouye Ghiasi1, Reza Saleh1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
Copyright © Emran Khoshrouye Ghiasi, Reza Saleh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
  • Received: 11/06/2019
  • Accepted: 25/08/2019
  • Published: 09/09/2019

Abstract

Generating homotopy-based approaches (HBAs) in thermal-fluid sciences is an efficient manner for finding absolutely convergent series expansions. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the viscoelastic Walter’s B fluid past a stretching wall. To answer this, the governing differential equation is derived by substituting similarity variables into the partial differential equations (PDEs) and associated boundary conditions. The present HBA is also developed by minimizing the averaged square residual error included in the quadratic resistance law (QRL). By comparing the present findings with those available in the literature, it is seen that the 9th-order HBA can provide an incredible degree of accuracy and reliability. Furthermore, it is found that the central processing unit (CPU) time is greatly reduced when the auxiliary parameter is selected as \(\hbar\)=-0.122.

Keywords: Convergence, CPU time, HBA, velocity distribution, Walter’s B fluid.

1. Introduction

The practical application of viscoelastic fluids is to polymer industry, food processing, biological structure, chemical engineering etc. In general, a viscoelastic fluid can influence the transport properties of mass and momentum by varying the stability of laminar motion associated with diffusing particles [1,2]. One major difficulty dealt with such fluids is fourth-order derivative included in the Navier-Stokes momentum equation which cannot be treated using perturbation solutions. Therefore, in any given geometry, it is required to distinguish between the inflow and outflow boundaries for deformation of a fluid [3]. It is worth noting that there exist only a few works in the literature for detailed flow investigation of viscoelastic fluids within a given volume due to external fields. In this way, Rajagopal et al. [4] formulated the idea of introducing a viscoelastic fluid past a stretching wall based on Beard and Walter’s theorem [5].

They could give rigorous proof of their Runge-Kutta method (RKM) by estimating the norm of series expansion and assuming, for simplicity, that the viscoelastic parameter is small but nonzero. Under this assumption, Nandeppanavar et al. [6] developed those of Subhas and Veena [17] to study phenomena like heat transfer through a porous medium with cooling processes. Furthermore, in a similar manner, Seth et al. [8], Nadeem et al. [9], Abdullah et al. [10], Chang et al. [11], Sivaraj and Kumar [12], Tariq et al. [13] and Prakash et al. [14] presented some thermodynamic review of viscoelastic fluids with both laminar flow velocity and temperature distributions.

Unlike the numerous examples of HBA, especially for cases subjected to external fields [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24], yet there is a lack of convergence in the choice of auxiliary parameter for analyzing the viscoelastic fluid past a stretching wall. This paper is intended only as a brief communication to represent conclusively that the HBA is useful tool for achieving much faster convergence. The rest of the paper is organized as follows.

In Section 2, a summary of governing equations based on the viscoelastic Walter’s B fluid theory is reviewed. Section 3 provides the HBA and its further correspondence. Section 4 is exclusively devoted to results and discussion. The concluding remarks are summarized in Section 5.

2. Problem formulation

According to basic hypothesis of the viscoelastic Walter’s B fluid theory, the governing PDEs and associated boundary conditions can be expressed as [4]
\begin{align} u_{,x} + v_{,y} = 0, \label{equ1} \end{align}
(1)
\begin{align} uu_{,x} + vu_{,y} = vu_{,yy} – E(uu,_{xyy} + vu_{,yyy} + u_{,x}u_{,yy} – u_{,y}u_{,xy}) , \label{equ2} \end{align}
(2)
\begin{align} u = ax, v = 0,\ \ \ \ at\ \ \ \ y = 0, \notag \\ u \rightarrow 0, \ \ \ \ as \ \ \ \ y \rightarrow \infty, \label{equ3} \end{align}
(3)
where \(v\) is the kinematic viscosity, \(E\) is the elastic parameter and \(\alpha\) is the stretching rate. Introducing the variables \(\eta = \sqrt{\frac{\alpha}{v}}y,\) \(u = \alpha x \varphi_{,\eta}\) and \(v = -\sqrt{\alpha v \varphi},\) the non-dimensional form of governing differential equation is given by
\begin{align} \varphi^{2}_{,\eta} – \varphi \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta} = \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta } – H(2 \varphi_{,\eta} \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta } – \varphi^{2}_{,\eta \eta} – \varphi \varphi_{, \eta \eta \eta \eta} ), \label{equ4} \end{align}
(4)
with the boundary conditions
\begin{align} \varphi = 0, \ \ \varphi_{, \eta} = 1 \ \ \ \ at \ \ \eta = 0, \notag \\ \varphi_{, \eta} \rightarrow 0, \ \ \ \ \ \ as \ \ \eta \rightarrow \infty \label{equ5} \end{align}
(5)
where \(H = \frac{\lambda E}{v}\) is the viscoelastic parameter. Here, the shear stress at the wall is defined as [4]
\begin{align} \tau_{w} = (1- H)\varphi_{,\eta \eta}(0). \label{equ6} \end{align}
(6)

3. Solution methodology

Let us suppose that the general nonlinear problem takes the form
\begin{align} \mathcal{N} = [\varphi (\eta)] = 0, \label{equ7} \end{align}
(7)
where \(\mathcal{N}\) is a nonlinear operator. Using \(q \in [0,1]\) as an embedding parameter, the homotopy function \(\mathcal{H}\) is constructed as [25]
\begin{align} \mathcal{H}[\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q);q] = (1- q) \mathcal{L}[\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q) – \varphi_{o}(\eta)] + q \hslash \mathcal{N}[\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q)], \label{equ8} \end{align}
(8)
where \(\bar{\varphi}\) is an unknown function of \(\eta\) and \(q\), \(\mathcal{L} \neq 0\) is an auxiliary linear operator, \(\varphi_{o}\) is an initial guess of \(\varphi\), and \(\hslash \neq 0\) is an auxiliary parameter which provides the desired convergence of series expansion. It is to be noted here that, as \(q\) is increased from \(0\) to \(1\), \(\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q)\) varies from the initial guess to the exact solution. Thus, in view of Equations (7) and (8), \(\bar{\varphi}(\eta;0) = \varphi_{o}(\eta)\) and \(\bar{\varphi}(\eta;1) = \varphi(\eta)\) are the solution of \(\mathcal{H}[\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q);q] |_{q= 0} = 0 \) and \(\mathcal{H}[\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q);q] |_{q= 1} = 0 \), respectively. \(\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q)\) can be expanded in a Taylor’s series with respect to \(q\) as
\begin{align} \bar{\varphi}(\eta;q) = \bar{\varphi}(\eta;0) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{j!} \bar{\varphi}^{(j)}{,q} (\eta; q) |_{q= 0} = \varphi_{o}(\eta) + \sum_{j = 1}^{\infty} \varphi_{j}(\eta)q^{j}, \label{equ9} \end{align}
(9)
where \(\varphi_{j}\) is the jth-order deformation derivative. Equating the homotopy function and \(q\) to zero, the zeroth-order deformation equation is constructed as [25]
\begin{align} \mathcal{L}[\bar{\varphi }(\eta ; 0) – \varphi_{o}(\eta)] = 0. \label{equ10} \end{align}
(10)
Also, differentiating \(\mathcal{H}[\bar{\varphi}(\eta;q);q] = 0\), \(j\) times with respect to \(q\) setting \(q = 0\) and dividing it by \(j!\), the \(jth-order\) deformation equation is obtained as
\begin{align} \mathcal{L}[ \varphi_{j}(\eta) – \chi_{j} \varphi_{j – 1}(\eta)] + \frac{1}{(j – 1)!} \hslash \mathcal{N}^{j-1}_{,q}[\varphi(\eta;q)] |_{q= 0} = 0, \label{equ11} \end{align}
(11)
where
\begin{align} \chi_{j} = \begin{cases} 0, \ \ \ j \leq 1, \\ 1, \ \ \ otherwise. \end{cases} \label{equ12} \end{align}
(12)
To apply a similar procedure on the governing differential Equation (3) and associated boundary conditions given in Equation (4), the initial guess is selected as
\begin{align} \varphi_{o}(\eta) = \frac{1}{H}(1 – e^{-H\eta}). \label{equ13} \end{align}
(13)
The auxiliary linear operator in this case is assumed to be
\begin{align} \mathcal{L}[\varphi(\eta;q)] = \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta;q) – \varphi_{,\eta}(\eta;q), \label{equ14} \end{align}
(14)
with the property
\begin{align} \mathcal{L}[C_{1} + C_{2}e^{\eta} + C_{3}e^{-\eta}] = 0, \label{equ15} \end{align}
(15)
where \(C_{1} – C_{3}\) are the integration constants. The next step is to expand \(\varphi(\eta;q)\) in a Taylor’s series as
\begin{align} \varphi(\eta;q) = \varphi_{o}(\eta) + q\varphi_{1}(\eta) + q^{2}\varphi_{o}(\eta) + \dots . \label{equ16} \end{align}
(16)
The nonlinear operator for Equation (3) can be defined as
\begin{align} \mathcal{N}[\varphi(\eta;q)] = \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta;q) – \varphi^{2}_{,\eta;q} + \varphi(\eta;q)\varphi_{,\eta \eta}(\eta;q) – H\big(2\varphi_{,\eta}(\eta;q)\varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta;q) – \varphi^{2}_{,\eta \eta}(\eta;q) – \varphi(\eta;q)\varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta;q)\big). \label{equ17} \end{align}
(17)
The zeroth-order deformation equation can be rewritten in the equivalent form
\begin{align} \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta) – \varphi_{o,\eta}(\eta) = 0, \label{equ18} \end{align}
(18)
with the boundary conditions
\begin{align} \varphi(\eta;q) = 0, \varphi(\eta;q)_{,\eta} = 1, \ \ \ \ at \ \ \eta = 0, \notag \\ \varphi(\eta;q)_{, \eta} \rightarrow 0, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ as \ \ \eta \rightarrow \infty. \label{equ19} \end{align}
(19)
Here, the \(jth-order\) deformation equation is given by
\begin{align} \varphi_{,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta) – \varphi_{j,\eta}(\eta) = \chi_{j} \big( \varphi_{j-1,\eta \eta \eta}(\eta) – \varphi_{j-1,\eta}(\eta) \big) – \frac{1}{(j-1)!}\hslash \mathcal{N}^{(j-1)}_{.q} [\varphi(\eta; q)]|_{q= 0} = 0, \label{equ20} \end{align}
(20)
which goes to zero boundary conditions. Therefore, the \(jth-order\) approximate solution of Equation (19) takes the form
\begin{align} \varphi_{j}(\eta) = \varphi^{*}_{j}(\eta) – \big( 1 – \varphi^{*}_{j, \eta}(0) \big)e^{-\eta} – \varphi^{*}_{j, \eta}(0) – \varphi^{*}_{j}(0) + 1, \label{equ21} \end{align}
(21)
where \(\varphi^{*}_{j}(\eta)\) is a particular solution. After solving the \(jth-order\) deformation Equation (19) and then rearranging, the \(jth-order\) approximate solution is obtained as
\begin{align} \varphi_{k}(\eta) = \sum_{j = 0}^{k} \varphi_{j}(\eta). \label{equ222} \end{align}
(22)

4. Results and discussion

To illustrate the computational efficiency and validity of the present HBA outlined in Section 3, the variation of shear stress at the wall versus given values of the viscoelastic parameter is compared with the semi-analytical findings analyzed by Rajagopal et al. [4]. It is to be noted here that, due to Hayat et al. [26], the auxiliary parameter in this case is selected as \(\hslash=-0.125\). Based on the results presented in Table 1, as the viscoelastic parameter is increased, the shear stress at the wall enhances and thereby reduces its flow resistance. Furthermore, it is seen that the 9th-order HBA agrees remarkably well with those reported by Rajagopal et al. [4]; because it only suffers from an error of at most 0.096% for all cases listed in Table 1. Therefore, it can be concluded that more accurate results are provided by the 9th-order HBA than those of 5th- and 7th-order ones.
Table 1. Verification of the shear stress at the wall.
H Present (\(\hslash\)=-0.125) Rajagopal et al. [4]
\(k\)=5 \(k\)=7 \(k\)=9
0.005 -0.9915 -0.9936 -0.9965 -0.9975
0.01 -0.9886 0.9919 -0.9939 -0.9949
0.03 -0.9795 -0.9815 -0.9837 -0.9846
0.05 -0.9699 -0.9712 -0.9729 -0.9738
It is worth noting that a series expansion with a faster convergence rate can be expected if the value of auxiliary parameter is optimized. According to the QRL [27], the averaged square residual error is calculated as
\begin{align} \triangle_{k} = \frac{1}{i + 1} \sum_{m = 0}^{i} \big(\mathcal{N} [\sum_{n = 0}^{k} \varphi(\eta) ]_{\eta = m \delta \eta} \big)^{2}. \label{equ23} \end{align}
(23)
Solving equation \(\triangle_{k, \hslash} = 0\) in terms of \(\hslash\) and using the fact that \(-2.1 \leq \hslash \leq 0.15\) [27], minimizes its averaged square residual error at the any order of approximation [25,28,29,30]. In this way, the variation of averaged square residual error versus different values of \(\hslash\) is depicted in Figure 1.

As it is seen form Figure 1, the averaged square residual error takes its minimum possible value when the auxiliary parameter is taken to be -0.122. Hence, this important finding can be considered as a tool to accelerate convergence of the present HBA.

Table 2 investigates uniqueness of the present HBA theoretically by making a correspondence between the averaged square residual error and order of approximation. According to this Table 2, it is seen that increasing the order of approximation reduces monotonically the value of averaged square residual error when it is subject to the viscoelastic parameter \(Η=0.2\). Furthermore, one can say that accounting for the minimization of averaged square residual error is so essential to reduce the CPU time without any loss of accuracy. This fact is clearly shown in Figure 2.

Table 2. onvergence of the series expansion.
\(\eta\) \(k\) = 5 \(k\) = 7 \(k\) = 9
\(\hslash\) \(\triangle_{k}\) \(\hslash\) \(\triangle_{k}\) \(\hslash\) \(\triangle_{k}\)
\(0\) \(-0.115\) \(9.89 \times 10^{10}\) \(-0.119\) \(7.40 \times 10^{-10}\) \(-0.122\) \(4.96 \times 10^{-11}\)
\(0.2\) \(-0.115\) \(1.16 \times 10^{9}\) \(-0.119\) \(7.69\times 10^{-10}\) \(-0.122\) \(5.54\times 10^{-11}\)
\(0.4\) \( -0.115 \) \(2.44\times 10^{9}\) \( -0.119 \) \(7.91\times 10^{-10}\) \( -0.122 \) \(6.23\times 10^{-11}\)
\(0.6\) \( -0.115 \) \(3.50\times 10^{9}\) \( -0.119  \) \(8.16\times 10^{-10} \) \( -0.122 \) \(6.98\times 10^{-11}\)
\(0.8\) \(-0.115 \) \(4.73\times 10^{9}\) \(-0.119  \) \(8.38\times 10^{-10} \) \( -0.122 \) \(7.75\times 10^{-11}\)
\(1\) \( -0.115 \) \(6.02\times 10^{9} \) \( -0.119 \) \(8.64\times 10^{-10} \) \( -0.122 \) \(8.39\times 10^{-11}\)

In view of such configuration seen in Figure 2, there exists an excellent consistency between the 9th- and 12th-order HBA; that is, the local velocity distribution converges certainly for \( \hslash=-0.122\). Furthermore, it is to be noted here that this observation is in agreement with the analytical results reported by Mahabaleshwar et al. [31] for analyzing viscoelastic Walter’s B fluid past a stretching wall through a porous medium.

5. Concluding remarks

This paper focused on the problem involving the momentum of viscoelastic Walter’s B fluid past a stretching wall using HBA. The QRL was employed to introduce a criterion for minimizing the averaged square residual error at each step. The present findings are compared and verified by those available results in the open literature. Here, the main conclusions are summarized as
  1. The 9th-order HBA represents a high accuracy approximation than 5th- and 7th-order ones.
  2. Using the auxiliary parameter \(\hslash=-0.122\) yields an absolutely convergent series expansion.
  3. The CPU time will be decreased when the averaged square residual error is minimized.
  4. Because of the difficulty in evaluating the fourth-order derivative of Equation (3), the 9th-order HBA is applicable only when the initial guess is proportional to the boundary conditions given in Equation (4).

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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