Trends in Clinical and Medical Sciences (TCMS)

Background: With an estimated 13.3 million cases each year, acute kidney injury (AKI) become a problem for world health. India has a high prevalence of AKI following volume depletion from gastrointestinal fluid loss. Due to poor socioeconomic situations, limited access to care, lack of awareness of personal cleanliness, crowding, and climatic factors that encourage the spread of infection, diarrheal illnesses are widespread in India. AKI following gastroenteritis is probably caused by a lack of medical facilities in rural areas and a delay in treating dehydration. Therefore, in order to come up with solutions to this issue, it is necessary to comprehend the disease’s clinical spectrum.
Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted on 50 patients with AKI due to Acute Gastroenteritis admitted to Narayana medical college \& hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, over a period of 1 year. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury was used when there was evidence of kidney injury in some clinical settings without any kidney disease history. The term acute kidney injury was used when there was a rise in Serum creatinine \(\geq44 \mu mol/L (\geq0.5mg/dL)\) and the history of decreased urine output of less than \(0.5ml/kg/hr\) for more than 6hrs. The criteria used for AKI in the study was Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria (given by Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Group 2004) and is as follows.
Results: Pre Renal Azotemia, which occurred in 58% of cases, was followed by Acute Tubular Necrosis, which occurred in 42% of cases in this study. The pre-renal group’s mean age was \(49.3 + 5.66\) years, while the ATN group’s was \(48.6 + 7.40\) years. The mean age of those who survived was 46.73 4.75, while that of those who did not survive was 65 6.034. On admission, Baseline creatinine with a mean of \(3.032+0.37mg/dl\). It was \(2.70+0.29\) and \(3.48\pm0.77\) inpre-renal and Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) groups. The mean peak creatine was \(4.73+0.48mg/dl\). It was 4.13+ 0.59 in pre-renal and 5.56\(\pm\) 0.66 in ATN groups, respectively. The Mean creatinine at the time of discharge 2.87 \(\pm\) \(0.39mg/dl\). The mean peak creatinine was 2.42 \(\pm\) 0.33 in pre-renal & 3.48+0.42 in ATN groups (In survivors) and 4.11\(\pm\) 0.79 in non-survivors.
Conclusion: Replacement of lost fluids, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and delivery of the proper antibiotics made up the course of treatment. Due to the frequent incidence of hypokalemia, ARF brought on by gastroenteritis differs from other ARF and has a better prognosis. An significant electrolyte disruption in AKI brought on by gastroenteritis is hypokalaemia. It was determined that the primary factor leading to death in AKI caused by gastroenteritis is septicemia.

Background: Awake brain surgery is used to treat brain tumors and epileptic seizures near areas that control language, movement or cognition, movement disorder, and recently during neurovascular surgery.
Methods: Preoperative airway evaluation should be performed in all patients. There are two commonly used anesthetic methods for awake craniotomy: monitored anesthesia care (MAC) and asleep-awake-asleep (AAA) technique, after the tumor resection, sedation is often sufficient until completion of the surgery. In our institution at Mount Lebanon hospital-Balamand university hospital, the combination of propofol and remifentanil has been considered as the standard protocol for sedation during the first stage of awake craniotomy because of the ease of use and reliability. The application of neuro-navigation, and intraoperative electrical mapping are a reliable method to minimize the risk of permanent deficit during surgery for brain tumors in eloquent areas.
Results: Whether sedation or an asleep-awake-asleep technique is chosen, it is crucial to apply adequate local anaesthesia on the skin incision what we call elliptic block using combinations of lidocaine and bupivacaine with epinephrine. If we perform awake-asleep-awake anesthesia type than similar to the pre-awake phase, one can also choose awake, spontaneous ventilation under light or deep sedation, or GA with airway control. Sedation often suffices. The patient usually requires lower rates of sedative infusions during the postawake phase than during the pre-awake phase as patients are often fatigued, and there is a lower level of painful stimuli during skull closure.
Conclusion: Patients receiving awake craniotomy have better outcomes in many aspects. The improvements in anesthetic agents and techniques, the application of neuro-navigation, and intraoperative electrical mapping are a reliable method to minimize the risk of permanent deficit during surgery. Appropriate patient selection, perioperative psychological support, and proper anesthetic management for individual patients in each stage of surgery are crucial for procedural safety, success, and patient satisfaction.

Background: The Baricity of bupivacaine is one of the most important factors in influencing the distribution of the local anaesthetic and the spread of the blockade. Bupivacaine is rendered hyperbaric by adding glucose. The effect of differing degrees of hyperbaricity remains to be evaluated regarding spinal anesthesia blockade.
Methods: Hundred patients who underwent lower abdominal, hips, and lower extremity surgeries were randomized into two groups in a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, prospective study. Group I received 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 80 mg/ml of glucose, while Group II received 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 40 mg/ml of glucose. The injection was made intrathecally in the midline position at L3-4 and L4-L5 interspace in the sitting position. The measured sensory blockade and motor blockade are the onset and duration. Duration of sensory block was the time measured from the time of the highest block for the regression to the S2 dermatome.
Results: Success rate, spread, and duration of sensory block were similar in both groups. The highest median level of sensory block was T3 (T2-T7) (median (10th/90th percentiles)) in both groups. The time to reach T10 did not differ between the groups. Power analysis suggested that a total number of 100 adults were required in both groups for a 90% chance at the 0.05 level of significance of detecting a 10% difference in success between groups. Categorical data were tested using the chi-square test. For continuous data, the Mann-Whitney test was used. Results are presented as median (10-90\(^{th}\) percentiles), number (%) of cases ,the significance was set as \(P< 0.05.\)
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that bupivacaine in 80mg/ml glucose provides reliable spinal anaesthesia of shorter duration and with less hypotension than bupivacaine in 40 mg/ml glucose. The recovery profile for ropivacaine may be of interest given that more surgery is being performed in the day-case setting.

Background and objectives: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are still one of the most common and unpleasant side effects following surgeries under general anesthesia, especially in patients receiving opioids. The primary purpose of this study was to compare Zofran and oxycodone versus Zofran and morphine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Subjects and methods: A prospective, monocentric clinical trial study was conducted at Mount Lebanon Hospital (MLH) between November 2018 and November 2021. After getting approval from the ethical committee, 237 patients were enrolled on a ratio of 1 to 2 in two groups: the first receiving Oxycodone 5 mg IVP with Zofran 4 mg IVD and the second receiving Morphine 5 mg IVP with Zofran 4mg IVD. Pearson’s Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to checking for the groups’ differences.
Results: Morphine and Oxycodone had a similar analgesic effect. The use of Zofran lowered PONV incidence rates in both groups. A statistically significant (p-value = 0.047) lower nausea and vomiting incidence in the Morphine group (2.5%) was noted compared to the Oxycodone group (8.8\% incidence). Only 10% of Oxycodone group patients and 8.9% of Morphine group patients had moderate nausea and vomiting, and none of the group’s patients had severe nausea and vomiting. Surgery duration, gender, age, smoking, BMI, pain level, and treatment group were not statistically associated with the severity of NV.
Conclusion: With the same analgesic effect, Zofran injection seemed to lower PONV incidence in both groups, even though the Morphine group had a lower incidence. Zofran seemed effective in lowering the NV severity as well. Therefore, recommending the systematic administration of antiemetic agents in patients receiving Oxycodone or Morphine could enhance patient satisfaction.

Aim: To assess histopathological patterns in the endometrial biopsy of patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.
Methodology: One hundred eight females with the complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding were enrolled. A gynecological examination was done. Dilatation and curettage were carried out. Specimens thus obtained were stored in 10\% formalin. The slides were examined under a microscope, and the various histopathological patterns were assessed.
Results: The age group 20-30 years had 48, 30-40 years had 50, and 40-50 years had ten females. A significant difference was observed. Inflammatory lesions were 28, such as acute endometritis in 12, chronic endometritis in 11, and chorioamnionitis in 5. Proliferative non-neoplastic lesions were 42, such as atypical hyperplasia in 18, typical hyperplasia in 12, and endometrial polyp in 12. Neoplastic lesions in 20 include leiomyoma in 8, a partial mole in 7, the complete mole in 2, and endometroid carcinoma in 3. Normal endometrium in 18, such as proliferative phase in 12 and secretory phase endometrium in 6. A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The most common endometrial biopsy revealed proliferative non-neoplastic lesions such as atypical hyperplasia, typical hyperplasia, and endometrial polyp.

For timely prediction of the development of AHI syndrome in patients with closed abdominal trauma, it is necessary to monitor the IAP level. IBH syndrome develops in patients with concomitant abdominal trauma and is characterized by relatively high mortality rates. A statistically significant correlation was established between the level of AHI, APD, the frequency of development of a picture of multiple organ failure, and the severity of the patient’s condition according to the SOFA and APACHE II scales (p <0.05). A sudden increase and persistence of a high IAP level for a long time in patients with closed abdominal trauma indicate the use of active surgical tactics to perform decompression. The decision to decompress the abdominal cavity is based on IAP monitoring, considering the clinical picture of developing multiple organ failure.

Aim: To assess traumatic axial cervical spine injuries in 84 patients.
Methodology: Eighty-four patients with traumatic axial cervical spine injuries of either gender were enrolled. Magnetic imaging resonance (MRI) was performed in all. Conservative treatment was given to those with minimal no bony injuries with or without spinal cord contusion, and decompression and fixation were performed in moderate to severe bony injuries with spinal cord compression. In addition, patients were treated for anterior fixation, i.e., corpectomy with either autologous bone graft or titanium cage and plate fixation and with corpectomy with tricorticate graft.
Results: Out of 84 patients, males comprised 54 (64.2\%), and females had 30 (35.8\%). Aetiology in the present found to be assault in 9, road traffic accident in 48, sports injury in 17, and workplace injury in 10 cases. Body fracture was evident in 24 and ligamentous injury in 60 patients. The type of body fractures was C3 in 3, C4 in 2, C5 in 12, C6 in 3, and C7 in 4 patients. Management performed was corpectomy with tricorticate graft in 26 cases and a corpectomy with fixation with a titanium cage and plate/screws in 58 cases.
Conclusion: Discoligamentous was a major type of injury, and road traffic accident was the main cause of injury among patients with subaxial cervical spine injuries.

The article presents the results of studying the modern literature on diagnosing and treating severe concomitant abdominal trauma and their prediction. In addition, the authors provide the primary literature data of domestic and foreign authors in recent years.

Prevalence of Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been increasing owing to increase in its risk factors. The pathophysiology of OSA is related to narrowing or obliteration of upper airway. Neck circumference (NC) is a measure which predicts the neck fat and hence narrowing of airway. Modified Berlin’s Questionnaire is a validated tool to assess the risk of OSA in Indian setting. The present study was designed to determine the association of NC with the risk of OSA in young adults. 1500 subjects of both genders between 18 to 30 years of age were recruited, their NC was measured and they were administered screening questionnaire first. Those who gave one or more positive response were administered modified Berlin questionnaire and risk of OSA was assessed and it was compared with NC. There was a significant increase in risk of OSA in subjects with higher NC with a cut off of 36 cm in males and 32 cm in females. NC is an important anthropometric measurement to predict risk of OSA.

Background: The aim of the study is to evaluate effect of type 1 tympanoplasty on the quality of life of CSOM patients.
Materials and Methods: In this observational study, ninety- two patients of chronic suppurative otitis media with perforations of either genders were included. The chronic otitis media-5 (COM-5) questionnaire was administered to all patients. Air bone gap, physical suffering scores, hearing loss score, caregiver’s concern scores, emotional distress score and activity limitation scores were recorded.
Results: Side involved was right in 58 and left in 34. Location of perforation was anterior quadrant in 15, posterior quadrant in 7 and central perforation in 70 cases. Pre- operative physical suffering scores was 3.74 and post- operative score was 2.10, hearing loss score was 3.24 and 1.28, caregiver’s concern scores was 2.34 and 1.12, emotional distress score was 1.92 and 1.04 and activity limitation scores was 1.62 and 1.10 respectively. Pre-op mean air bone gap was 32.2 db and post- op mean air bone gap was 18.4 db. The difference was 13.8 decibels.
Conclusion: Type 1 tympanoplasty is common surgical procedure performed in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media and it found to be effective in improving quality of life in these patients.