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Universal updates of Dyck-nest signatures

Author(s): Italo Dejter1
1Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Copyright © Italo Dejter. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The anchored Dyck words of length \(n=2k+1\) (obtained by prefixing a 0-bit to each Dyck word of length \(2k\) and used to reinterpret the Hamilton cycles in the odd graph \(O_k\) and the middle-levels graph \(M_k\) found by M\”utze et al.) represent in \(O_k\) (resp., \(M_k\)) the cycles of an \(n\)- (resp., \(2n\)-) 2-factor and its cyclic (resp., dihedral) vertex classes, and are equivalent to Dyck-nest signatures. A sequence is obtained by updating these signatures according to the depth-first order of a tree of restricted growth strings (RGS’s), reducing the RGS-generation of Dyck words by collapsing to a single update the time-consuming \(i\)-nested castling used to reach each non-root Dyck word or Dyck nest. This update is universal, for it does not depend on \(k\).

Keywords: Dyck words, Hamilton cycles, Dihedral, Cyclic group, Odd graph