Trends in Clinical and Medical Sciences

Context: HIV/AIDS is known to affect an individual not only physically but also mentally, socially, and financially. It is a syndrome that builds a vacuum in a person affecting his/her life as a whole. Quality of life (QOL) of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients has emerged as a significant medical outcome measure in recent times.
Aims: The purpose of the present observational study is to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) receiving ART and its association with different social and clinical variables.
Materials and Methods: 140 patients of \(\geq\)18 years with HIV attending the tertiary level ante-retroviral treatment (ART) center were interviewed with using a validated standard version of the World Health Organization QOL (WHO-QOL BREF). Data on sociodemographic and clinical profile e.g., BMI, and CD4 were gathered. Mean scores were calculated in each domain. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, ANOVA and logistic regression were done to analyze the results.
Results: The overall QOL score of the subjects was moderate; Mean quality of life score was highest in the environmental domain (Mean=13.2\(\pm\)4.2). PLHIV with lower BMI also had poorer QOL (P<0.05). Employment significantly affected the social health domain and psychological domains of the subjects. Men reported poorer level of independence and physical health while women reported poorer social relationships and environment. All the six domains correlated significantly with the overall QOL indicated by the G-facet.
Conclusion: Attention toward improving the social status by enhancing sociopsychological supports such as social sensitization, mental health care of patients, and interventions to reduce stigma of PLHIV should be accorded with high priority to ensure improvement in the overall QOL of PLHIV.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is the study of furrows and grooves present on the red part, or the vermilion border of the human lips. The type of grooves is unique to an individual and can be used for person identification.
Aim: The aim of this study is to ascertain whether the uniqueness of lip print (LP) can help in identifying a person. In addition, we aimed to evaluate whether there is any correlation between LP types and blood groups.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants (51 males and 49 females), aged between 18 and 50 years, to determine any correlation between LP types and blood groups. These lip patterns were analyzed and interpreted using Tsuchihashi’s classification, and later, associated blood group matching was performed to determine the predominant LP type with the ABO and Rh blood grouping system.
Results: The present study showed a positive correlation between LP pattern and blood group among males and females. Thus, the distribution of LP patterns and ABO blood groups might help in the identification of an individual.
Conclusion: Since LP and blood group are unique to a person, cheiloscopy, along with blood group, can play a vital role in person identification.

Introduction: In 2019, a new coronavirus disease spread throughout the world from the city of Wuhan, China. COVID-19 is divided into four groups according to clinical symptoms and disease severity: mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Budgeted rates of CRP and albumin utilization will be used to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 cases. Based on this data, the aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic power of the C-reactive protein to albumin ratio in the early differentiation of severe hospitalized cases of COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: During hospitalization, cases will be classified as mild, moderate, severe, and critical according to the WHO interim guidance. The mild and moderate subgroups will be classified as non-severe (group 1), and the severe and critical subgroups will be classified as severe (group 2). Demographic data, morbidity, and mortality rates will be recorded.
Results: The exitus rates and length of hospital stay were significantly higher in group 2.
Conclusions: The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio has predictive value in severe COVID-19 patients who are candidates for ICU admission or endotracheal intubation. However, it is thought that supporting this data with a larger number of patients and multicenter studies would increase the value of the data.

Background: Mucocutaneous lesions are the most prevalent sign of HIV infection and serve as the first clue that HIV is present. They are important indications of a patient’s immunological health, and HIV-infected patients typically experience more severe, unusual, and extensive symptoms.
Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with HIV infection, and to determine the relationship between these manifestations and CD4 cell counts as an indicator of immunological health.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care Medical College and Hospital in Cuttack. Patients were enrolled from two centers, the Dermatology outdoor and Anti Retro Viral Therapy Centre, within the hospital. The mucocutaneous manifestations were classified, and CD4 cell counts were determined through collected samples to assess their immune status.
Results: The most common disorders were fungal infections (18%), followed by oral lesions (15.5%), and Papulosquamous disorder (14.8%). Out of 150 patients, 53 patients had 165 dermatological manifestations with a CD4 count below 200 cells/\(mm^3\), 85 patients had 105 dermatological manifestations with a CD4 count between 200-500 cells/\(mm^3\), and 12 patients had 14 dermatological manifestations with a CD4 count of more than 500 cells/\(mm^3\).
Conclusion: Both CD4 count and mucocutaneous manifestations can be used as markers of immunosuppression in HIV/AIDS patients. In resource-poor countries where CD4 count and other expensive markers are not affordable, mucocutaneous manifestations alone can be used as a marker of immunosuppression.

Aim: This study aims to investigate the clinical changes in the ocular surface of patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: A total of 75 adult patients of both genders with type II diabetes and ocular surface disease, along with a group of healthy subjects, were included in the study. Various tear film stability tests such as tear film break-up time (BUT) test, Schirmer I test, fluorescein dye test, and rose bengal dye test were conducted to assess ocular surface disorders. Additionally, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was administered to all enrolled patients. The duration of diabetes, HbA1C levels, and the stage of diabetic retinopathy were also recorded.
Results: Group I comprised 45 males and 30 females, while group II included 35 males and 40 females. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was present in 48 patients, whereas proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was present in 19 patients, showing a significant difference (P=0.01). The remaining diabetic patients did not exhibit any clinically observable fundus changes of retinopathy during stereoscopic 90 D examination. The average tear function test was 8.22 seconds in group I and 13.1 seconds in group II, whereas the average Schirmer test values were 8.84 mm in group I and 16.5 mm in group II. Fluorescein staining was observed in 8 patients in group I and 2 patients in group II, while pathologic rose bengal staining was positive in 15 patients in group I and 4 patients in group II, demonstrating a significant difference (P<0.05). The average tear film BUT was 9.25 seconds in patients with a duration of diabetes <10 years and 8.17 seconds in those with a duration of diabetes >10 years. Similarly, the average Schirmer test revealed values of 10.31 mm and 6.72 mm, respectively. Patients with good glycemic control exhibited average tear film BUT and Schirmer test values of 10.85 seconds and 10.21 mm, while those with poor glycemic control showed values of 8.30 seconds and 6.82 mm, respectively. In patients with NPDR, the values were 9.53 seconds for tear film BUT and 10.5 mm for the Schirmer test, whereas patients with PDR had values of 7.84 seconds and 7.6 mm, respectively. The average range of OSDI score was 40-60 in group I compared to 0-20 in group II.
Conclusion: Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are more susceptible to developing ocular surface disorders. Furthermore, a longer duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control are associated with increased chronic inflammation of the ocular surface. The stage of diabetic retinopathy shows a direct correlation with the OSDI questionnaire score.

Background: Hypothyroidism manifests itself in a wide range of clinical manifestations. ECG and ECHO changes have been reported among patients with both subclinical and manifest hypothyroidism.
Objectives: To enumerate the cardiological manifestations of hypothyroidism in ECG and ECHO.
Methods: The study was carried out as a cross-sectional study comprising 50 patients aged 18 years and above, of both sexes who were detected to have hypothyroidism. A convenient non-random sampling technique was used to select study participants from all eligible patients in the study population. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism was confirmed by measuring serum TSH, total T3 and T4, and subsequently, patients underwent ECG and echocardiography. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: It was observed that the majority of the study patients belonged to the middle age group and were females. Overt hypothyroidism was noted in 78%, and low levels of T3 and T4 were observed in 64% and 78%, respectively. Most of the study patients had elevated triglyceride levels (96%), while ECG and ECHO abnormalities were detected in 30%. Low voltage complex was the most commonly noted ECG abnormality (8%), and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was the most common ECHO abnormality (18%).
Conclusions: ECG and ECHO changes are observed in a considerable proportion of patients with hypothyroidism, with low voltage complexes and LVDD being the most common, respectively.