Theory, Methods, and Applications in Physics, Networking, and Intelligent Modeling
Professor Dr. Miguel Vivas-Cortez
Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica del Ecuador Sede Quito, Ecuador
Dean Chou D.Phil. (Oxon)
National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan, Taiwan
Published by Ptolemy Science Research Press
List of Authors
Dr. Javed Rashid: Department of Computer Science, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
Dr. Riaz ul Amin: Department of Computer Science, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
Dr. Bilal Shabbir Qaisar: Department of Computer Science, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Saleem: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
Mr. Ahsan Fareed Shah: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Pakistan.
Mr. Abdullah: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Madiha Ghamkhar: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Adeeba Fatima: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Asra Ayub: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Aamna Amer: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Dr. Hamood Ur Rehman: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Ms. Ifrah Iqbal: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Mr. Muhammad Tehseen: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Dr. Mujahid Iqbal: College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Liaoning, China.
Dr. Muhammad Ashraf: College of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Liaoning, China.
Dr. Hameed Ashraf: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Ms. Ayesha Siddiqa: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Dr. Madeeha Tahir: Department of Mathematics, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Prof. Dr. Saima Akram: Department of Mathematics, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Shahla Faisal: Department of Statistics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Prof. Dr. M. Imran: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Mr. Muhammad Abid: Department of Statistics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Mr. G. A. Danish: Department of Statistics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Dr. Khadija Tul Kubra: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Mr. Rooh Ali: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Muniba Nasir: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Bushra Ujala: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Samra Gulshan: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Abdul Malik Sultan: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Dr. Abdul Jawad: Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore-Campus, Lahore Pakistan.
Dr. Muhammad Irfan: Department of Mathematics, University of Okara, Okara Pakistan.
Ms. Tahreem Ashraf: Department of Mathematics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Nazeran Idrees: Department of Mathematics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Farkhanda Afzal: MCS, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad.
Dr. Akhtar Ali: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Mr. Ali Raza: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Ms. Fatima Saeed: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Dr. Fozia Bashir Farooq: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia.
Prof. Dr. Mohsan Raza: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Prof. Dr. M. Ahsan Binyamin: Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Preface
This book, Mathematical and Computational Systems: Theory, Methods, and Applications in Physics, Networking, and Intelligent Modeling, presents a collection of research studies and methodologies bridging mathematical theory and practical applications. It covers diverse topics, including machine learning for disease classification, computational intelligence, optimization algorithms, biofluid modeling, neural network paradigms in epidemiology, cosmology, topological descriptors, and fractional differential equations in HIV–AIDS dynamics. The aim is to provide readers, researchers, academicians, and graduate students, with insights into advanced computational methods and their applications across science and engineering. We hope this volume inspires new research directions and promotes the integration of theory, computation, and real-world problem-solving.
We extend our sincere gratitude to all contributors for their valuable work in making this book possible
Lahore, Pakistan
December. 2025
Copyright © 2025 (PISRT)
Ptolemy Institute of Scientific Research and Technology (PISRT)
https://pisrt.org/
ISBN: 978-627-7623-05-0
By the authors; licensee PSRP, Lahore, Pakistan. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported License (the “License”). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranties or conditions of any kind, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.