The interaction between aphids, ants and ladybirds has been investigated from an ecological point of view since many decades, while there are no attempts to describe it from a mathematical point of view. This paper introduces a new mathematical model to describe the within-season population dynamics in an ecological patch of a system composed by aphids, ants and ladybirds, through a set of four differential equations. The proposed model is based on the Kindlmann and Dixon set of differential equations [1], focused on the prediction of the aphids-ladybirds population densities, that share a prey-predator relationship. The population of ants, in mutualistic relationship with aphids and in interspecific competition with ladybirds, is described according to the Holland and De Angelis mathematical model [2], in which the authors faced the problem of mutualistic interactions in general terms. The set of differential equations proposed here is discretized by means the Nonstandard Finite Difference scheme, successfully applied by Gabbriellini to the mutualistic model [3]. The constructed finite-difference scheme is positivity-preserving and characterized by four nonhyperbolic steady-states, as highlighted by the phase-space and time-series analyses. Particular attention is dedicated to the steady-state most interesting from an ecological point of view, whose asymptotic stability is demonstrated via the Centre Manifold Theory. The model allows to numerically confirm that mutualistic relationship effectively influences the population dynamic, by increasing the peaks of the aphids and ants population densities. Nonetheless, it is showed that the asymptotical populations of aphids and ladybirds collapse for any initial condition, unlike that of ants that, after the peak, settle on a constant asymptotic value.

In this paper, we introduce new labeling and named it as k-total edge mean cordial (k-TEMC) labeling. We study certain classes of graphs namely path, double comb, ladder and fan in the context of 3-TEMC labeling.

In this paper, we study the outcome of fractional Laplace transform using inverse difference operator with shift value. By the definition of convolution product, the properties of fractional transformation, the relation between convolution product and fractional frequency Laplace transform with shift value have been discussed. Further, the connection between usual Laplace transform and fractional frequency Laplace transform with shift value are also presented. Numerical examples with graphs are verified and generated by MATLAB.

This paper presents Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives approach to analysis of a viscous fluid over an infinite flat plate together with general boundary motion. Closed form exact general solutions of the fluid velocity are obtained by means of the Laplace transform. The solutions of ordinary viscous fluids corresponding to time-derivatives of integer order is obtained as particular cases of the present solutions. Several special cases are also discussed. Numerical computations and graphical illustrations are used in order to study the effects of the Caputo-Fabrizio time-fractional parameter \(\alpha\) and Reynolds number on velocity field.

The boundary value problems in Kinetic theory of gases, elasticity and other applied areas are mostly reduced in solving single variable nonlinear equations. Hence, the problem of approximating a solution of the nonlinear equations is important. The numerical methods for finding roots of such equations are called iterative methods. There are two type of iterative methods in literature: involving higher derivatives and free from higher derivatives. The methods which do not require higher derivatives have less order of convergence and the methods having high convergence order require higher derivatives. The aim of present report is to develop an iterative method having high order of convergence but not involving higher derivatives. We propose three new methods to solve nonlinear equations and solve text examples to check validity and efficiency of our iterative methods.