Engineering and Applied Science Letters (EASL)

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antennas performance can be degraded due to the poor isolation between the MIMO antenna elements. In this paper, we present a review of the different isolation enhancement schemes available in the literature. Empirically the isolation between the antennas can be improved by placing the antenna as far as possible and it can be enhanced further by introducing different isolation enhancement schemes. Theory of characteristic modes (TCM) was recently proposed that has useful benefits. TCM is also used to enhance the isolation. Moreover, this papers focus on the different approaches of TCM, to enhance the isolation.

In the fields of chemical graph theory (CGT), mathematical chemistry and molecular topology, a~topological index (TI) also known as a connectivity~index~is a type of a molecular descriptor that is calculated based on the molecular graph of a chemical compound. \(BiI_{3}\) is an excellent inorganic compound and is very useful in qualitative inorganic analysis and topological indices of \(BiI_{3} \) help to predict many properties like boiling point, heat of formation, strain energy, rigidity and fracture toughness and correlate the structure with various physical properties, chemical reactivity and biological activities. This paper computes several degree-based topological indices like multiplicative first Zagreb index, multiplicative second Zagreb index, multiplicative atomic bond connectivity index, multiplicative first and second hyper Zagreb index and multiplicative geometric arithmetic index for Bismuth Tri-Iodide chains and sheets.

Nicotiana tabacum is rich with medicinal importance. The aim of the study is to isolate, purify and compare nicotine (3-[1-Methylpyrolidine-2 yl] pyridine) from different brands of cigarettes. Isolation is carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using ether as solvent. Crude nicotine samples are further purified with SPE (solid phase extraction) method. Nicotine crystals are complexed with zinc chloride (\(ZnCl_{2}\)). Fine and pure crystals of metal complexes are obtained with Nic-C and Nic-D. However, no complex formation is synthesized with Nic A and Nic-B due to impurities in the sample which is confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Antibacterial activity of the samples is carried out against different strains of bacteria which showed positive results for Nic-C and Nic-D. The outcomes of the study reveal that Zinc-Nicotine complexes can be used as therapeutic agents and anti-sickness agents in sickle cell disease.

Nanoparticles are nanosized clusters with dimensions less than 100nm. Nanoparticles are fabricated by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Physical and chemical methods are energy intensive and involve hazards of contaminations. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is environment friendly, less toxic and cost effective process. Plants, microorganisms, and biomolecules are commonly exploited species for merging of nanoparticles in this method. In present work we synthesize Chromium oxide nanoparticles by biological method using fungal extract of Aspargillus Niger. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and UV-Vis (Ultraviolet Visible) techniques.

Let \(\Omega\in{L}^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\times{L^{2}(S^{n-1})}\) be a homogeneous function of degree zero. In this article, we obtain some boundedness of the parameterized Littlewood-Paley operators with variable kernels on weighted Herz spaces with variable exponent.

Topological indices collect information from the graph of molecule and help to predict properties of underlined molecule. Zagreb indices are among the most studied topological indices due to its applications in chemistry. In this report we compute first and second reversed Zagreb indices and first and second reversed Hyper Zagreb indices for \(Si_{2}C_{3}I[r,s]\) and \(Si_{2}C_{3}II[r,s]\). Moreover we also compute first and second reversed Zagreb polynomials and first and second reversed Hyper Zagreb polynomials for \(Si_{2}C_{3}I[r,s]\) and \(Si_{2}C_{3}II[r,s]\).

The objective of the present study was to investigate and compare the efficacy, physiochemical equivalence and purity of API’s of different brands of cetirizine 2HCl tablets (10mg) with that of multinational brands available in local market of Lahore, Pakistan. The present work also provides awareness to allergy patients about most effective local brands with reasonable prices, without any health risk. Spectrophotometric method was used for chemical assay, TLC technique was subjected for the purity of API’s and physiochemical parameters was employed i.e; weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, disintegration time and dissolution study as well as price fluctuation in PK rupees. The results of all physiochemical parameters and chemical assay were found to be within limit and meet to the pharmacopeial standards. TLC technique was developed to check the quality and purity of API, all the active ingredients showed the similar \(R_{f}\)-values without any impurity (0.38-0.39). From the test results and plots, it was observed and concluded that an economical and quality products can be prescribed for allergy patients whether they are manufactured by the local or multinational pharmaceutical companies without any health risk.

For an arborescence \(A_r\), a directed pathos total digraph \(Q=DPT(A_r)\) has vertex set \(V(Q)=V(A_r)\cup A(A_r)\cup P(A_r)\), = where \(V(A_r)\) is the vertex set, \(A(A_r)\) is the arc set, and \(P(A_r)\) is a directed pathos set of \(A_r\). The arc set \(A(Q)\) consists of the following arcs: \(ab\) such that \(a,b \in A(A_r)\) and the head of \(a\) coincides with the tail of \(b\); \(uv\) such that \(u,v \in V(A_r)\) and \(u\) is adjacent to \(v\); \(au\) \((ua)\) such that \(a\in A(A_r)\) and \(u \in V(A_r)\) and the head (tail) of \(a\) is \(u\); \(Pa\) such that \(a \in A(A_r)\) and \(P \in P(A_r)\) and the arc \(a\) lies on the directed path \(P\); \(P_iP_j\) such that \(P_i, P_j \in P(A_r)\) and it is possible to reach the head of \(P_j\) from the tail of \(P_i\) through a common vertex, but it is possible to reach the head of \(P_i\) from the tail of \(P_j\). For this class of digraphs we discuss the planarity; outerplanarity; maximal outerplanarity; minimally nonouterplanarity; and crossing number one properties of these digraphs. The problem of reconstructing an arborescence from its directed pathos total digraph is also presented.

The application of graph theory in chemical and molecular structure research far exceeds people’s expectations, and it has recently grown exponentially. In the molecular graph, atoms are represented by vertices and bonded by edges. In this report, we study the several Zagreb polynomials and Redefined Zagreb indices of Oxide Network.

Topological indices are numerical numbers associated with a graph that helps to predict many properties of underlined graph. In this paper we aim to compute multiplicative degree based topological indices of Jahangir graph.