Engineering and Applied Science Letters (EASL)

This paper presents the spectral reflectance of thermally evaporated ZnS/Ag nanostructures. The coating of ZnS/Ag nanostructures was performed in two steps while varying the film thickness and deposition angle. Silver metal wire (99.99% purity) was heated under vacuum at a pressure of \(2.5 \times 10^{-5}\) mBars and deposited on glass slide substrates in the diffusion pump microprocessor vacuum coater (Edwards AUTO 306). Pieces of zinc sulphide (99.99% purity) were heated and deposited to the glass slides previously coated with silver to form the ZnS/Ag/glass composite. The optical reflectance of the samples was studied by the UV/Vis/NIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 19) with UV-WinLab software. The reflectance was measured at angles of incidence between \(15^o\) and \(75^o\). Spectrophotometric studies showed that reflectance decreased with decrease in film thickness and decreased with increase in deposition angle of silver nanoparticles. The reflectance of ZnS/Ag nanostructures decreased with increase in deposition angle of zinc sulphide.

This paper discusses a gallery of useful results in connection with integrating factors that are often left as problems for discovery learning and are generally not taught in typical Ordinary Differential Equations courses. Most often than not the approach earlier writers employ is to give a possible form for an integrating factor that may results in an integrating curve without practical prove as far as the subject matter is concerned. In this write-up, an attempt is made by solving the resulting partial differential equation emanating from an underlining general differential equation of a non-exact form, by the use of the ratio theorem to establish various intricate possibilities of integrating factors that are seldom and often relegated to the background, even though they may be equally be applied as a function of a unitary variable or a linear combination of both the dependent and independent variables under certain conditions. Granted an integrating factor is found and such a function applied, the benefit is enormous especially the non-exact differential equation reduces into a known type which may be identified as exact, homogeneous, and or separable that yields a solution.

Green buildings are supposed to provide a sustainable solution for energy usage, but their low performance raised some questions in the literature. The researchers determine that occupants are the key factor for this energy deficiency. In the last two decades, a stream of research focuses on the greening of occupants, but a synthesis of findings and results are absent in the literature. In this study, we reviewed the literature on green buildings and occupants. Based on the findings we classified four classes. The first class consists of green occupants and green buildings, which is the ideal solution for high-energy efficiency. The second class is of brown occupants and green buildings and is the prime reason behind outperformed green buildings and yields negative-medium level efficiency. The third class comprises green occupants and brown buildings and yields positive-medium level efficiency, which helps to start the journey towards sustainability. The fourth class is the combination of brown buildings and brown occupants and has the lowest efficiency and worst impact on the environment throughout the lifecycle. Further, we link these classes with the energy-saving efficiency of buildings and finally recommended an efficient solution for second and third world countries. The study contributes to green building literature and packed with managerial implications to gain the maximum benefits of green buildings.

Most radio stations use frequency modulation (FM) to broadcast yet amplitude modulation (AM) ensures long distance modulation. The limitations of FM reception are the line of sight and the area of reception. These two parameters are much smaller in FM compared to AM which makes AM modulation have an added advantage over FM modulation. The results presented in this paper include; direct modulation at different bias currents and different transmission fiber lengths and the amplitude modulation using the Mach-Zehnder. The results show the possibility to transmit huge data at high speeds to over 100Gbps.

In this work, we numerically study a dynamic frictional contact problem between a thermo-piezoelectric body and a conductive foundation. The linear thermo-electro-elastic constitutive law is employed to model the thermo-piezoelectric material. The contact is modelled by the Signorini condition and the friction by the Coulomb law. A frictional heat generation and heat transfer across the contact surface are assumed. The heat exchange coefficient is assumed to depend on contact pressure. Hybrid formulation is introduced, it is a coupled system for the displacement field, the electric potential, the temperature and two Lagrange multipliers. The discrete scheme of the coupled system is introduced based on a finite element method to approximate the spatial variable and an Euler scheme to discretize the time derivate. The thermo-mechanical contact is treated by using an augmented Lagrangian approach. A solution algorithm is discussed and implemented. Numerical simulation results are reported, illustrating the mechanical behavior related to the contact condition.

In this paper, we introduce the concept of a new family of convex functions namely \(n\)-polynomial generalized convex functions of Raina type. We investigate the algebraic properties of a newly introduced idea and discuss their connections with convex functions. Furthermore, we establish the new version of Hermite–Hadamard and some refinements of Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities this class of functions. Finally, we investigate some applications to special means of real numbers. Results obtained in this paper can be viewed as a significant improvement of previously known results and also may stimulate and energize for further activities in this research area field.

Renewable energy systems (RESs) have an inherent quality of achieving independence Vis a Vis useful energy harnessing for self or localized use. At larger scale the renewable energy system allows the power generation and distribution without a significant harm to the environment. Propagation and proliferation of RESs and the Renewable Energy Technology (RET), collectively demand an effective policy making infrastructure to be in place to ensure their penetration locally and globally. Renewable Energy Policies have a great impact on how readily these systems are adopted by the investors and market, how efficient these systems are which is dependent on the research and development (R&D) of RESs, how effectively the country or region copes with the scourge of environmental harm with the use of RESs. Renewable Energy Policies also have an impact on how costly these technologies are and how these technologies fiscally benefit common man, investors and industries. Efficiency enhancement, stability and intelligent management of grids integrated with RES are also renewable policy dependent. This paper thoroughly and critically examines the importance of renewable energy policy. not just at domestic or national level but also at global level. It discusses in detail the core ingredients of renewable energy policy which were adopted in the past, which are being adopted now and which should be adopted in future. This paper also discusses policy, business and financial models; importance of tariff formulation, incentives and subsidies and a few factors which may pose a risk to the development and adoption of RESs. At the end a few suggestions have also been made which, if adopted, would help promote the RESs proliferation across the globe at a rapid pace and would ensure energy security, sustainable development and environmental conservation.

The number of songs are increasing at a very high rate around the globe. Out of the songs released every year, only the top few songs make it to the billboard hit charts .The lyrics of the songs place an important role in making them big hits combined with various other factors like loudness, liveness, speech ness, pop, etc. The artists are faced with the problem of finding the most desired topics to create song lyrics on. This problem is further amplified in selecting the most unique, catchy words which if added, could create more powerful lyrics for the songs. We propose a solution of finding the bag of unique evergreen words using the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) technique of natural language processing. The words from this bag of unique evergreen words could be added in the lyrics of the songs to create more powerful lyrics in the future.

The strategic value of the Navy’s submarine capabilities is greatly influenced by the ability of its supporting infrastructure to be able to maintain the confidentiality of submarine operations. Based on these conditions, this study aims to identify and analyze the operational readiness of submarines to increase the deterrence of the state defense system at sea. This study uses Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and MIC-MAC diagrams. The ISM method is used to analyze the effect on the criteria. MICMAC diagrams are used as criteria for determining the related variables. Based on the results of the ISM and MICMAC diagram analysis, it was found that fifteen elements were divided into \(4\) (four) quadrants. Quadrant I (Autonomous) consists of six elements, such as \((C_1)\), \((C_2)\), \((C_3)\), \((C_4)\), \((C_{13)}\), \((C_{15})\). Quadrant II (Dependent) consists of six elements, such as \((C_5)\), \((C_6)\), \((C_7)\), \((C_{11})\), \((C_{12})\), \((C_{14})\). Quadrant IV (Independent) consists of three elements, such as \((C_8)\), \((C_9)\), \((C_{10})\). This research is expected to provide benefits to both academics and practitioners in the field of submarines and defense strategy.

The aim of this paper is to introduce strongest relation, cosets and middle cosets of anti \(Q\)-fuzzy subgroups of \(G\) with respect to \(t\)-conorm \(C.\) We investigate equivalent characterizations of them and we construct a new group induced by them, and give the homomorphism theorem between them.