The purpose of this study is to present a generalized class of estimators using the three-stage Optional Randomized Response Technique (ORRT) in the presence of non-response and measurement errors on a sensitive study variable. The proposed estimator makes use of dual auxiliary information. The expression for the bias and mean square error of the proposed estimator are derived using Taylor series expansion. The proposed estimator’s applicability is proven using real data sets. A numerical study is used to compare the efficiency of the proposed estimator with adapted estimators of the finite population mean. The suggested estimator performs better than adapted ordinary, ratio, and exponential ratio-type estimators in the presence of both non-response and measurement errors. The efficiency of the proposed estimator of population mean declines as the inverse sampling rate, non-response rate, and sensitivity level of the survey question increase.

Second-order macroscopic vehicular traffic flow models are categorized under two broad headings based on the direction of their characteristics. Faster-than-vehicle waves are often called isotropic models vis-\'{a}-vis anisotropic models with slower-than-vehicle characteristic speed. The dispute on the supremacy among these families of models is the motivation for this paper. This paper compares and contrasts six distinctive second-order macroscopic models using a numerical simulation and analysis. Three models are characterized by faster-than-vehicle waves with their corresponding anisotropic counterparts. Simulation results on the formation of deceleration waves and the dissolution of acceleration fans are presented to graphically compare the wave profiles of the selected isotropic and anisotropic traffic models. Observably, these opposing models can all characterize these physical traffic phenomena to the same degree. Thus, faster characteristic speed conceptualization of second-order macroscopic equations does not tantamount to model failure but rather lies in the explanation of this property.

In this paper, the comparative study of Fadugba-Falodun Scheme (FFS) and the Improved Euler’s Method (IEM) is presented. IEM and FFS have been used successfully for the solution of second order ordinary differential equation. FFS is a numerical method recently proposed by means of an interpolating function involving a transcendental function of exponential type. In order to discuss the efficiency and accuracy of the two methods, an illustrative example has been presented in the context of the Exact Solution (ES) and the absolute relative errors computed at each mesh point of the integration interval under consideration. The numerical results show that there is no significant difference between the FFS and ES, unlike its counterpart IEM. Hence, FFS is a good numerical method for the solution of the second order initial value problem in ordinary differential equations. All calculations have been carried out via MATLAB (R2014a) in double precision.

This paper is devoted to a study of the numerical solution of the thermoelastic model describing the contact problem between the body and a rigid foundation that is thermally conducting. The linear thermoelastic constitutive law describes the behavior of the material. The contact is frictionless and described with Signorini’s condition and a thermal contact condition when the heat exchange coefficient depends on the contact pressure. We aim to present a detailed description of the numerical modeling of the problem. on this end, we use a penalty method to approximate the constraints. Finally, we provide numerical simulations to study a two-dimensional example and compare the penalty problem with the Lagrangian one.

Poultry farms in Ghana are experiencing a decline, and some are at risk of collapsing due to the high cost of poultry feed. The aim of this paper is to assist poultry farmers in increasing their profits by reducing the cost of poultry feed. The linear programming technique is implemented to utilize locally available feed ingredients to formulate layer feed mix for the various stages of poultry growth, which includes chick mash (starter), grower, and prelayer. Mathematical models are constructed based on the nutrient requirements of the layers, nutrient composition of the available ingredients, and any other restrictions on the available ingredients for the formulation. Seven decision variables and eleven constraints are identified. Compared to the existing practice, it is estimated that the LP model’s optimal solution can reduce feed formulation costs by approximately 30%, 19%, and 14% in chick mash, grower, and prelayer, respectively.

In this work, we propose a deep learning approach for identifying parameters (initial condition, a coefficient in the diffusion term and source function) in parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) from scattered final observations in space and noisy a priori knowledge. In Particular, we approximate the unknown solution and parameters by four deep neural networks trained to satisfy the differential operator, boundary conditions, a priori knowledge and observations. The proposed algorithm is mesh-free, which is key since meshes become infeasible in higher dimensions due to the number of grid points explosion. Instead of forming a mesh, the neural networks are trained on batches of randomly sampled time and space points. This work is devoted to the identification of several parameters of PDEs at the same time. The classical methods require a total a priori knowledge which is not feasible. While they cannot solve this inverse problem given such partial data, the deep learning method allows them to resolve it using minimal a priori knowledge.

The work that we have done in this paper is the coupling method between the local fractional derivative and the Natural transform (we can call it the local fractional Natural transform), where we have provided some essential results and properties. We have applied this method to some linear local fractional differential equations on Cantor sets to get nondifferentiable solutions. The results show this transform’s effectiveness when we combine it with this operator.

In this paper we prove large-time existence and uniqueness of high regularity weak solutions to some initial/boundary value problems involving a nonlinear fourth order wave equation. These sorts of problems arise naturally in the study of vibrations in beams that are hinged at both ends. The method used to prove large-time existence is the Galerkin approximation method.

In this paper, we proved that solutions \((\rho,J)\) exist for the 1-dimensional wave equation on \([-\pi,\pi]\). When \((\rho,J)\) is extended to a smooth solution \((\rho,\overline{J})\) of the continuity equation on a vanishing annulus \(Ann(1,\epsilon)\) containing the unit circle \(S^1\), a corresponding causal solution \((\rho,\overline{J}’ \overline{E}, \overline{B})\) to Maxwell’s equations can be obtained from Jefimenko’s equations. The power radiated in a time cycle from any sphere \(S(r)\) with \(r>0\) is \(O\left(\frac{1}{r}\right)\), which ensure that no power is radiated at infinity over a cycle.

Introduction: Thyroid gland volume is highly variable as it is greatly influenced by age, gender, anthropometric measurements, and geographical location. It has become essential for every population to determine the reference range of their normal thyroid gland volume in healthy individuals. This, in turn, will help the population in grading goitre and guide large-scale iodine monitoring programs. Ultrasound, being more precise than clinical examination in identifying enlarged thyroid glands, overcomes the problems of overestimation of goitre prevalence and marked interobserver variability associated with palpation estimates. A nomogram of thyroid volume in our environment is important to serve as a reference point in managing patients with thyroid pathologies, especially goitre. The purpose of this study was to establish reference ranges of total thyroid volume among the normal adult population in central India using ultrasonography and correlate it with thyroid function tests.
Methods and Material: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 410 healthy subjects were included. B-mode Ultrasonography was used to measure the total thyroid volume by combining the volume of both lobes obtained using the ellipsoid formula. Blood samples were taken for thyroid function tests. Age-specific reference values for thyroid volume were obtained.
Statistical analysis used: IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp was used for analysis.
Results: The mean total thyroid gland volume of all study subjects was \(6.90\pm1.74\) ml. Males had a significantly higher gland volume (\(7.30\pm1.86\) ml) compared to females (\(6.63\pm1.61\) ml) (\(P<0.001\)). The volume of the right lobe was significantly greater than that of the left lobe in both genders (\(3.76\pm0.96\) ml vs \(3.14\pm0.89\) ml, \(P<0.001\)). No significant correlation was found between gland volume and thyroid function tests.
Conclusions: We attempted to contribute to establishing the reference values for our local population, and further large studies are required to establish nationwide reference values of thyroid gland volume.