Engineering and Applied Science Letters (EASL)

Adsorption of organic compounds on surfaces plays a decisive role in corrosion inhibition, especially on steel materials. The interaction of the sites on the organic molecule with the active sites on the surface remains a complex phenomenon that is very challenging to explain from purely experimental investigation. The integration of computational intelligence through computer algorithms and softwares reduces the laborious and time consuming trial and error stages of laboratory experiments. In this study, density functional theory was deployed to expound the adsorption of benzothiazole and four of its derivatives, namely: benzothiazol-2-ol (BZT-OH), benzothiazol-2-amine (BZT-NH\(_2\)), benzothiazol-2-carboxylic acid (BZT-COOH) and benzothiazol-2-thiol (BZT-SH) on Fe(110) surface. Energy and quantum chemical calculations were performed to determine the positions and orientations of molecular orbitals, molecular reactivity, most preferable sites for nucleophilic and electrophilic attack as well as potential adsorption sites. Molecular dynamics simulation were performed to understand the configuration of the adsorbed molecules on the surface and to predict the mechanism of adsorption. Results reveal that the adsorption sites were mostly domiciled around N, O and S atoms of the amine, carboxyl/hydroxyl and thiol groups, respectively. Adsorption energy decreased following the trend BTZ-COOH > BTZ-SH > BTZ-NH\(_2\) > BTZ > BTZ-OH whereas binding energy decreased following the trend BTZ-SH > BTZ-COOH > BTZ-OH > BTZ-NH\(_2\) > BTZ. Overall, adsorption of BTZ-COOH and BTZ-SH respectively was most enhanced and strongest on Fe(110) surface. All the studied molecules would exhibit good adsorption characteristics on steel surface, making them potential efficient ingredients for formulation of corrosion inhibitors.

Assessment of breast cancer at all stages is of great importance in medicine because in addition to predicting the growth rate, treatment planning must also be considered. In this study, the new maps named the M\(^{*}_{new}\)(k)-map besides a proper signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under the corresponding theory as well as new parameters such as Ti and FWHM have been introduced to investigate breast cancer performance. In other words, a new function on the SNR from convolutional combination of the relaxation times in MRI as FD\(_{SNR}\) is suggested which utilizes Fourier transform and differentiating operator. This function may be computed for all T1- and T2- weighted images towards prediction of the growth rate of abnormal tissues. These maps and the parameters may contribute to better diagnosis of breast cancer.

This study explores the electro-magneto-hydrodynamic (EMHD) flow, heat and mass transfer of a Jeffrey nanofluid between two horizontal plates under the combined influence of electroosmotic flow (EOF), velocity slip, and an induced magnetic field. The base fluid is water with dispersed copper (Cu) nanoparticles. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are solved using a finite difference method (FDM), complemented by an analytical approach via the method of undetermined coefficients. The results show that nanofluid velocity increases with higher Grashof numbers and permeability parameter, driven by buoyancy and porous medium effects. A magnetic field lowers fluid velocity but enhances the induced magnetic field near the lower wall; velocity slip reduces wall shear stress but increases velocity farther from the boundary; the Prandtl number improves heat transfer by reducing thermal diffusivity; the Darcy number facilitates flow through porous media; and an increase in Reynolds number sharpens the velocity profile and slightly enhances heat and mass transfer. These findings offer important insights into the coupled dynamics of EMHD nanofluid flow with potential applications in microfluidic and biomedical fields.

Urbanization and soil degradation have placed significant pressure on agricultural sustainability and food security, prompting the exploration of alternatives to soil. The potential of corncob as soilless substrate, an innovative growing media for sustainable urban agriculture, has been preliminary established. Hence, this study investigated the design-related properties of corncob necessary for developing crusher for producing corncob substrate using standard methods. Corncobs from yellow and white corn varieties were used for the study at five moisture levels (9.71, 11.01, 14.29, 17.58 and 21.87% w.b). The results indicate that moisture content rise increased the major axes, angle of repose, surface area and static coefficient of friction. Sphericity decreased for yellow corncob from 0.50 to 0.47 but increased for white corncob from 0.63 to 0.65. Solid and bulk densities decreased: yellow corncob from 0.365 to 0.290 g/cm³ and 0.325 to 0.225 g/cm³, respectively; white corncob from 0.395 to 0.340 g/cm³ and 0.345 to 0.270 g/cm³, respectively. Rupture strengths decreased from 1.12 to 0.80 N/mm² and 1.12 to 0.80 N/mm² for yellow and white corncobs, respectively. Valorization of corncob will create new economic opportunities and give farmers more value for their corn. Hence, this work is pivotal in achieving that with the empirical data provided for developing a corncob crusher for soilless substrate production.

Herein we have discussed various microscopic techniques for analysis of nanomaterials and biomaterials. We have discussed the origin of concept of magnification and resolution. The first attempt of magnification was done with the help of lenses. Thus, we have discussed various types of lenses and their properties. Then after various progress has taken place in the domain of magnification and today we are gifted with advanced microscopes. In this review article we have tried to classify the microscopic techniques into different categories as optical microscopes and acoustic microscopes. Also we have discussed the subtypes of optical microscope like simple microscope, compound microscope, Raman microscope, UV Visible microscope, Dark Field Microscope, Bright Field Microscope etc. Here we have discussed the historical aspects of developments in the microscopic techniques starting from the lens to the advanced Microscopic techniques etc. We have discussed the developmental stage, discovery of each microscope and then we discussed working principle of the instrument, its applications and advantages and limitations too. This review paper is useful for the researchers working in veterinary medicine, microbiology, health sciences, nanoscience and technology etc.

Dowsing experimental technique (DET), also known as divination, has been used to serve human needs across different civilizations. A comprehensive review of the literature on DET indicates that scientists are divided into two groups, regarding DET’s science and interpretation. One group believes that there is pure physics and chemistry behind DET and, therefore, it should be considered as one of the applied sciences used for materials’ prospecting. The other group believes that identification of materials using DET can be explained as a psychological behavior. In this research paper, DET has been used to identify several materials, and the various possible mechanisms behind it also examined. Accordingly, 68 samples were collected from various locations in Jordan and Palestine to identify them using DET. The collected samples, including different kinds of minerals, metals, rocks, etc., were divided into 9 groups. Experiments were conducted on combinations of the collected materials, using wooden rods and two capsules filled with crushed materials and placed on the rods. It is believed that the materials were identified using DET because of energy radiation, thermal conduction, piezoelectric effects, and/or electrostatic forces. DET may be also interpreted in terms of psychological perspectives, as being a psychological kinesthetic sense. So that these forces may be able to move the rods towards the target material, identify it, and recognize its location. However, DET is still an open question for further research, including cyber-psychology and other digital tools. In short, DET has proven to be a successful, easy, cheap, applicable, and sustainable technique for identifying and locating various materials.

Producing composite flour for baking requires a good understanding of the characteristics that ensures smooth processing and handling. Characteristics such as particle size, flowability, and thermal properties play a crucial role in maintaining the quality, stability, and safety of the final product. The objective of this study is to produce and evaluate the characteristics of composite flour made from 70% wheat flour and 30% sologold sweet potato flour, using a completely randomized design and standard scientific methods for analysis. The results showed that wheat flour had an average particle size of 411.16 µm, while sologold sweet potato flour had 351.97 µm. The finer particle size of the sweet potato flour makes it easier to mix and evenly blend with wheat flour. The Carr index (6.0 CL%) and Hausner ratio (1.06 HR) indicated that the composite flour had excellent free-flowing properties. The composite flour samples had moisture content ranging from 11.90% to 9.60% (dry basis). Other properties are bulk density which was between 480 and 390 kg/m³, specific heat capacity from 2.10 to 1.95 kJ/kg·K, thermal conductivity between 0.15 and 0.11 W/m·K, and thermal diffusivity from 0.09 to 0.06 m²/s. Understanding these characteristics will help ensure that the composite flour be processed efficiently while remaining stable and safe for use.

In this paper we introduce an approach to increase density of field-effect heterotransistors in the framework of the three-stage differential amplifier. In the framework of the approach we consider manufacturing the amplifier in heterostructure with specific configuration. Several required areas of the heterostructure should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. After that dopant and radiation defects should by annealed framework optimized scheme. We also consider an approach to decrease value of mismatch-induced stress in the considered heterostructure. We introduce an analytical approach to analyze mass and heat transport in heterostructures during manufacturing of integrated circuits with account mismatch-induced stress.

Muga silk is the most important composite material used in textile manufacturing in India. Muga silk is derived from the Muga silkworms, namely Antheraea assamensis Helfer. The golden yellow silk yarn is the fanciest because it has strange properties like being able to handle different textures well, being bright, and lasting a long time. Fibrin (a fibrous protein) and sericin (a globular protein) are the two most important protein units that make up silk. To make silk usable in the textile business, sericin, a gum, has to be cleaned off the surface of the silk. Generally, surface active agents are used in the extraction of sericin from silk material. The present research describes a comparison between the degumming activity of a natural surfactant saponin isolated from Sapindus laurifolia and Sapindus laurifolia-\(Na_{2}CO_{3}\) mixed system. The effect of the salt \(Na_{2}CO_{3}\) on the degumming ability of Sapindus laurifolia is systematically studied and reported. The surface morphology of the raw and degummed silk fibers is compared using scanning electron microscope.

Gas Tungsten Arc welding (GTAW) widely uses for many welding applications, especially for good quality welds in fabrication, manufacturing, and construction industries. Perfection level exhibits by the weld are associated with the entire volume of the weld, its profile, surface appearance, and microstructure and show the quality of that weld. Several controllable process parameters may affect the quality of weld in terms of weld shape, bead, imperfections, and desire mechanical/chemical properties. Therefore effect of some important parameters like current, travel speed, and gas flow rate on the final weld structure and its quality for SS TP304L material are studied through different experiments and analyses by using a design of experiment-based advanced statistical tools. Joints weld by using several levels of these parameters and then weld quality of these joints analyze in terms of ultimate tensile strength, and hardness. The optimization results of different statistical techniques compare to find the accuracy of this study. Moreover, the microstructure of final weldment welded based on optimal results is also analyzed. Therefore this study finds out the best welding conditions for the quality weld after optimizing these process parameters.