Background: The Baricity of bupivacaine is one of the most important factors in influencing the distribution of the local anaesthetic and the spread of the blockade. Bupivacaine is rendered hyperbaric by adding glucose. The effect of differing degrees of hyperbaricity remains to be evaluated regarding spinal anesthesia blockade.
Methods: Hundred patients who underwent lower abdominal, hips, and lower extremity surgeries were randomized into two groups in a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, prospective study. Group I received 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 80 mg/ml of glucose, while Group II received 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 40 mg/ml of glucose. The injection was made intrathecally in the midline position at L3-4 and L4-L5 interspace in the sitting position. The measured sensory blockade and motor blockade are the onset and duration. Duration of sensory block was the time measured from the time of the highest block for the regression to the S2 dermatome.
Results: Success rate, spread, and duration of sensory block were similar in both groups. The highest median level of sensory block was T3 (T2-T7) (median (10th/90th percentiles)) in both groups. The time to reach T10 did not differ between the groups. Power analysis suggested that a total number of 100 adults were required in both groups for a 90% chance at the 0.05 level of significance of detecting a 10% difference in success between groups. Categorical data were tested using the chi-square test. For continuous data, the Mann-Whitney test was used. Results are presented as median (10-90\(^{th}\) percentiles), number (%) of cases ,the significance was set as \(P< 0.05.\)
Conclusion: These results demonstrate that bupivacaine in 80mg/ml glucose provides reliable spinal anaesthesia of shorter duration and with less hypotension than bupivacaine in 40 mg/ml glucose. The recovery profile for ropivacaine may be of interest given that more surgery is being performed in the day-case setting.

Background and objectives: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are still one of the most common and unpleasant side effects following surgeries under general anesthesia, especially in patients receiving opioids. The primary purpose of this study was to compare Zofran and oxycodone versus Zofran and morphine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Subjects and methods: A prospective, monocentric clinical trial study was conducted at Mount Lebanon Hospital (MLH) between November 2018 and November 2021. After getting approval from the ethical committee, 237 patients were enrolled on a ratio of 1 to 2 in two groups: the first receiving Oxycodone 5 mg IVP with Zofran 4 mg IVD and the second receiving Morphine 5 mg IVP with Zofran 4mg IVD. Pearson’s Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to checking for the groups’ differences.
Results: Morphine and Oxycodone had a similar analgesic effect. The use of Zofran lowered PONV incidence rates in both groups. A statistically significant (p-value = 0.047) lower nausea and vomiting incidence in the Morphine group (2.5%) was noted compared to the Oxycodone group (8.8\% incidence). Only 10% of Oxycodone group patients and 8.9% of Morphine group patients had moderate nausea and vomiting, and none of the group’s patients had severe nausea and vomiting. Surgery duration, gender, age, smoking, BMI, pain level, and treatment group were not statistically associated with the severity of NV.
Conclusion: With the same analgesic effect, Zofran injection seemed to lower PONV incidence in both groups, even though the Morphine group had a lower incidence. Zofran seemed effective in lowering the NV severity as well. Therefore, recommending the systematic administration of antiemetic agents in patients receiving Oxycodone or Morphine could enhance patient satisfaction.

Aim: To assess histopathological patterns in the endometrial biopsy of patients presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.
Methodology: One hundred eight females with the complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding were enrolled. A gynecological examination was done. Dilatation and curettage were carried out. Specimens thus obtained were stored in 10\% formalin. The slides were examined under a microscope, and the various histopathological patterns were assessed.
Results: The age group 20-30 years had 48, 30-40 years had 50, and 40-50 years had ten females. A significant difference was observed. Inflammatory lesions were 28, such as acute endometritis in 12, chronic endometritis in 11, and chorioamnionitis in 5. Proliferative non-neoplastic lesions were 42, such as atypical hyperplasia in 18, typical hyperplasia in 12, and endometrial polyp in 12. Neoplastic lesions in 20 include leiomyoma in 8, a partial mole in 7, the complete mole in 2, and endometroid carcinoma in 3. Normal endometrium in 18, such as proliferative phase in 12 and secretory phase endometrium in 6. A significant difference was observed (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The most common endometrial biopsy revealed proliferative non-neoplastic lesions such as atypical hyperplasia, typical hyperplasia, and endometrial polyp.