Aim: This study aims to investigate the clinical changes in the ocular surface of patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: A total of 75 adult patients of both genders with type II diabetes and ocular surface disease, along with a group of healthy subjects, were included in the study. Various tear film stability tests such as tear film break-up time (BUT) test, Schirmer I test, fluorescein dye test, and rose bengal dye test were conducted to assess ocular surface disorders. Additionally, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was administered to all enrolled patients. The duration of diabetes, HbA1C levels, and the stage of diabetic retinopathy were also recorded.
Results: Group I comprised 45 males and 30 females, while group II included 35 males and 40 females. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was present in 48 patients, whereas proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was present in 19 patients, showing a significant difference (P=0.01). The remaining diabetic patients did not exhibit any clinically observable fundus changes of retinopathy during stereoscopic 90 D examination. The average tear function test was 8.22 seconds in group I and 13.1 seconds in group II, whereas the average Schirmer test values were 8.84 mm in group I and 16.5 mm in group II. Fluorescein staining was observed in 8 patients in group I and 2 patients in group II, while pathologic rose bengal staining was positive in 15 patients in group I and 4 patients in group II, demonstrating a significant difference (P<0.05). The average tear film BUT was 9.25 seconds in patients with a duration of diabetes <10 years and 8.17 seconds in those with a duration of diabetes >10 years. Similarly, the average Schirmer test revealed values of 10.31 mm and 6.72 mm, respectively. Patients with good glycemic control exhibited average tear film BUT and Schirmer test values of 10.85 seconds and 10.21 mm, while those with poor glycemic control showed values of 8.30 seconds and 6.82 mm, respectively. In patients with NPDR, the values were 9.53 seconds for tear film BUT and 10.5 mm for the Schirmer test, whereas patients with PDR had values of 7.84 seconds and 7.6 mm, respectively. The average range of OSDI score was 40-60 in group I compared to 0-20 in group II.
Conclusion: Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are more susceptible to developing ocular surface disorders. Furthermore, a longer duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control are associated with increased chronic inflammation of the ocular surface. The stage of diabetic retinopathy shows a direct correlation with the OSDI questionnaire score.

Background: Hypothyroidism manifests itself in a wide range of clinical manifestations. ECG and ECHO changes have been reported among patients with both subclinical and manifest hypothyroidism.
Objectives: To enumerate the cardiological manifestations of hypothyroidism in ECG and ECHO.
Methods: The study was carried out as a cross-sectional study comprising 50 patients aged 18 years and above, of both sexes who were detected to have hypothyroidism. A convenient non-random sampling technique was used to select study participants from all eligible patients in the study population. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism was confirmed by measuring serum TSH, total T3 and T4, and subsequently, patients underwent ECG and echocardiography. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: It was observed that the majority of the study patients belonged to the middle age group and were females. Overt hypothyroidism was noted in 78%, and low levels of T3 and T4 were observed in 64% and 78%, respectively. Most of the study patients had elevated triglyceride levels (96%), while ECG and ECHO abnormalities were detected in 30%. Low voltage complex was the most commonly noted ECG abnormality (8%), and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was the most common ECHO abnormality (18%).
Conclusions: ECG and ECHO changes are observed in a considerable proportion of patients with hypothyroidism, with low voltage complexes and LVDD being the most common, respectively.

The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (AD) is based on the “recognition of the body’s own structures by immunocompetent cells and subsequent activation, proliferation, and induction of inflammation. Most lymphocytes directed towards their own antigens are removed in the thymus through apoptosis.” Currently, research is being conducted to investigate the genes involved in the development of autoimmune diseases, specifically in the context of vitiligo, such as HLA genes (HLADR3 associated with a common process, HLADR4 with limited), TNFAIP3 genes, and A20 deficiency haplotype (a product of this gene). The importance of immune inflammation, mononuclear infiltration of marginal zones, and the cytotoxic effect of CD8+ on melanocyte changes in CD4, CD8, and their ratios have been identified as early indicators of vitiligo progression. A local deficiency of SOD, glutathione, and scavengers from ROS regulated through Nrf2 and ARES in the skin and blood of vitiligo patients has also been revealed. This study included 287 patients with non-segmental vitiligo (148 men and 139 women) aged 19-68 years who sought treatment at the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology between 2018 and 2022. The average age was 28.1\(\pm\)1.3 years, and the duration of the disease was 42.6\(\pm\)3.6 months. Of these patients, 114 (40%) had the debut of vitiligo less than a year before treatment. The study found that the average level of TNF-alpha was higher than the reference interval and the data of the control group, supporting the contribution of inflammation and apoptosis to depigmentation in vitiligo. The study also highlighted the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-21 in patients who had an unfavorable allele for the SNPs among the other patients in the main group.

This article discusses the feasibility of using lightweight polypropylene nets for onlay plastic surgery of postoperative ventral hernias (POVH). The study involved 137 patients with POVH, who were divided into two groups: the control group (64 patients) who underwent traditional Esfil-heavy mesh endoprosthesis and the primary group (73 patients) who received Esfil-light endoprostheses. The study investigated the clinical and immunological aspects of using propylene nets in these two groups of patients. Before surgery, the examined patients showed a suppression of the cellular link of immunity, an imbalance of the humoral link, and non-specific factors of protection. The use of polypropylene meshes (Esfil-light and Esfil-heavy) triggered an inflammatory reaction associated with the structural properties of the prostheses. However, the use of Esfil-light PP prosthesis in onlay allogernioplasty caused less inflammation in the alloplasty area compared to Esfil-heavy. Overall, the findings suggest that Esfil-light PP prosthesis can be a suitable alternative to traditional Esfil-heavy mesh endoprosthesis for onlay plastic surgery of postoperative ventral hernias. The reduced inflammatory reaction in the alloplasty area may lead to improved outcomes for patients undergoing this procedure.