Engineering and Applied Science Letters (EASL)

Urbanization and soil degradation have placed significant pressure on agricultural sustainability and food security, prompting the exploration of alternatives to soil. The potential of corncob as soilless substrate, an innovative growing media for sustainable urban agriculture, has been preliminary established. Hence, this study investigated the design-related properties of corncob necessary for developing crusher for producing corncob substrate using standard methods. Corncobs from yellow and white corn varieties were used for the study at five moisture levels (9.71, 11.01, 14.29, 17.58 and 21.87% w.b). The results indicate that moisture content rise increased the major axes, angle of repose, surface area and static coefficient of friction. Sphericity decreased for yellow corncob from 0.50 to 0.47 but increased for white corncob from 0.63 to 0.65. Solid and bulk densities decreased: yellow corncob from 0.365 to 0.290 g/cm³ and 0.325 to 0.225 g/cm³, respectively; white corncob from 0.395 to 0.340 g/cm³ and 0.345 to 0.270 g/cm³, respectively. Rupture strengths decreased from 1.12 to 0.80 N/mm² and 1.12 to 0.80 N/mm² for yellow and white corncobs, respectively. Valorization of corncob will create new economic opportunities and give farmers more value for their corn. Hence, this work is pivotal in achieving that with the empirical data provided for developing a corncob crusher for soilless substrate production.

Herein we have discussed various microscopic techniques for analysis of nanomaterials and biomaterials. We have discussed the origin of concept of magnification and resolution. The first attempt of magnification was done with the help of lenses. Thus, we have discussed various types of lenses and their properties. Then after various progress has taken place in the domain of magnification and today we are gifted with advanced microscopes. In this review article we have tried to classify the microscopic techniques into different categories as optical microscopes and acoustic microscopes. Also we have discussed the subtypes of optical microscope like simple microscope, compound microscope, Raman microscope, UV Visible microscope, Dark Field Microscope, Bright Field Microscope etc. Here we have discussed the historical aspects of developments in the microscopic techniques starting from the lens to the advanced Microscopic techniques etc. We have discussed the developmental stage, discovery of each microscope and then we discussed working principle of the instrument, its applications and advantages and limitations too. This review paper is useful for the researchers working in veterinary medicine, microbiology, health sciences, nanoscience and technology etc.

Dowsing experimental technique (DET), also known as divination, has been used to serve human needs across different civilizations. A comprehensive review of the literature on DET indicates that scientists are divided into two groups, regarding DET’s science and interpretation. One group believes that there is pure physics and chemistry behind DET and, therefore, it should be considered as one of the applied sciences used for materials’ prospecting. The other group believes that identification of materials using DET can be explained as a psychological behavior. In this research paper, DET has been used to identify several materials, and the various possible mechanisms behind it also examined. Accordingly, 68 samples were collected from various locations in Jordan and Palestine to identify them using DET. The collected samples, including different kinds of minerals, metals, rocks, etc., were divided into 9 groups. Experiments were conducted on combinations of the collected materials, using wooden rods and two capsules filled with crushed materials and placed on the rods. It is believed that the materials were identified using DET because of energy radiation, thermal conduction, piezoelectric effects, and/or electrostatic forces. DET may be also interpreted in terms of psychological perspectives, as being a psychological kinesthetic sense. So that these forces may be able to move the rods towards the target material, identify it, and recognize its location. However, DET is still an open question for further research, including cyber-psychology and other digital tools. In short, DET has proven to be a successful, easy, cheap, applicable, and sustainable technique for identifying and locating various materials.

Producing composite flour for baking requires a good understanding of the characteristics that ensures smooth processing and handling. Characteristics such as particle size, flowability, and thermal properties play a crucial role in maintaining the quality, stability, and safety of the final product. The objective of this study is to produce and evaluate the characteristics of composite flour made from 70% wheat flour and 30% sologold sweet potato flour, using a completely randomized design and standard scientific methods for analysis. The results showed that wheat flour had an average particle size of 411.16 µm, while sologold sweet potato flour had 351.97 µm. The finer particle size of the sweet potato flour makes it easier to mix and evenly blend with wheat flour. The Carr index (6.0 CL%) and Hausner ratio (1.06 HR) indicated that the composite flour had excellent free-flowing properties. The composite flour samples had moisture content ranging from 11.90% to 9.60% (dry basis). Other properties are bulk density which was between 480 and 390 kg/m³, specific heat capacity from 2.10 to 1.95 kJ/kg·K, thermal conductivity between 0.15 and 0.11 W/m·K, and thermal diffusivity from 0.09 to 0.06 m²/s. Understanding these characteristics will help ensure that the composite flour be processed efficiently while remaining stable and safe for use.

In this paper we introduce an approach to increase density of field-effect heterotransistors in the framework of the three-stage differential amplifier. In the framework of the approach we consider manufacturing the amplifier in heterostructure with specific configuration. Several required areas of the heterostructure should be doped by diffusion or ion implantation. After that dopant and radiation defects should by annealed framework optimized scheme. We also consider an approach to decrease value of mismatch-induced stress in the considered heterostructure. We introduce an analytical approach to analyze mass and heat transport in heterostructures during manufacturing of integrated circuits with account mismatch-induced stress.

Muga silk is the most important composite material used in textile manufacturing in India. Muga silk is derived from the Muga silkworms, namely Antheraea assamensis Helfer. The golden yellow silk yarn is the fanciest because it has strange properties like being able to handle different textures well, being bright, and lasting a long time. Fibrin (a fibrous protein) and sericin (a globular protein) are the two most important protein units that make up silk. To make silk usable in the textile business, sericin, a gum, has to be cleaned off the surface of the silk. Generally, surface active agents are used in the extraction of sericin from silk material. The present research describes a comparison between the degumming activity of a natural surfactant saponin isolated from Sapindus laurifolia and Sapindus laurifolia-\(Na_{2}CO_{3}\) mixed system. The effect of the salt \(Na_{2}CO_{3}\) on the degumming ability of Sapindus laurifolia is systematically studied and reported. The surface morphology of the raw and degummed silk fibers is compared using scanning electron microscope.

Gas Tungsten Arc welding (GTAW) widely uses for many welding applications, especially for good quality welds in fabrication, manufacturing, and construction industries. Perfection level exhibits by the weld are associated with the entire volume of the weld, its profile, surface appearance, and microstructure and show the quality of that weld. Several controllable process parameters may affect the quality of weld in terms of weld shape, bead, imperfections, and desire mechanical/chemical properties. Therefore effect of some important parameters like current, travel speed, and gas flow rate on the final weld structure and its quality for SS TP304L material are studied through different experiments and analyses by using a design of experiment-based advanced statistical tools. Joints weld by using several levels of these parameters and then weld quality of these joints analyze in terms of ultimate tensile strength, and hardness. The optimization results of different statistical techniques compare to find the accuracy of this study. Moreover, the microstructure of final weldment welded based on optimal results is also analyzed. Therefore this study finds out the best welding conditions for the quality weld after optimizing these process parameters.

The optimal selection of a site for cement plant development is a multifaceted decision-making process that demands careful consideration of environmental, economic, and social dimensions. This research delves into the utilization of Circular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Sets (CIFSS) as an advanced mathematical framework to enhance the precision and reliability of sustainable decision-making in cement plant site selection. The CIFSS approach adeptly manages the inherent uncertainties and ambiguities associated with evaluating potential locations, offering a comprehensive methodology for assessing various criteria. By embedding CIFSS within the context of sustainable development, this technique provides decision-makers with a robust and adaptable tool for identifying the most appropriate site, thereby ensuring long-term viability and minimizing environmental impacts. The results underscore the effectiveness of CIFSS in facilitating complex, multi-criteria decision-making in industrial site selection, underscoring its broader applicability in sustainable infrastructure planning.

This research investigates the influence of the Cattaneo-Christov double diffusive flow of ferromagnetic hybrid nanofluids, taking into account heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical reactions, heat radiative flux, and the Soret-Dufour effect. The mathematical modeling of the system of equations results in the formulation of partial differential equations (PDEs). These PDEs were subsequently transformed into total differential equations (ODEs) via the application of similarity transformation. The resultant modified ODEs were addressed utilizing an innovative approach known as the spectral relaxation method (SRM). This methodology was employed to solve the system of ODEs in an iterative manner, following the Gauss-Seidel procedure. The findings of this investigation indicate that the heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical reaction significantly influences the fluid concentration, leading to a reduction in the concentration profile. An elevated level of thermal radiation was found to enhance both the fluid temperature and the velocity contour. Conversely, an increase in the magnetic field strength was noted to diminish the velocity contour. The current analysis was compared with previous studies and was found to exhibit a strong correlation.

In this paper, by using a new identity we establish some trapezoidal type inequalities for functions whose modulus of the first derivatives are \( \left( s,m\right)\)-preinvex via Caputo fractional derivatives.